Emergent universality in critical quantum spin chains: entanglement Virasoro algebra

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.11383v2
• Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2020 05:31:38 GMT
• Title: Emergent universality in critical quantum spin chains: entanglement Virasoro algebra
• Authors: Qi Hu, Adrian Franco-Rubio, Guifre Vidal
• Abstract summary: Entanglement entropy and entanglement spectrum have been widely used to characterize quantum entanglement in extended many-body systems. We show that the Schmidt vectors $|v_alpharangle$ display an emergent universal structure, corresponding to a realization of the Virasoro algebra of a boundary CFT.
• Score: 1.9336815376402714
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Entanglement entropy and entanglement spectrum have been widely used to characterize quantum entanglement in extended many-body systems. Given a pure state of the system and a division into regions $A$ and $B$, they can be obtained in terms of the $Schmidt~ values$, or eigenvalues $\lambda_{\alpha}$ of the reduced density matrix $\rho_A$ for region $A$. In this paper we draw attention instead to the $Schmidt~ vectors$, or eigenvectors $|v_{\alpha}\rangle$ of $\rho_A$. We consider the ground state of critical quantum spin chains whose low energy/long distance physics is described by an emergent conformal field theory (CFT). We show that the Schmidt vectors $|v_{\alpha}\rangle$ display an emergent universal structure, corresponding to a realization of the Virasoro algebra of a boundary CFT (a chiral version of the original CFT). Indeed, we build weighted sums $H_n$ of the lattice Hamiltonian density $h_{j,j+1}$ over region $A$ and show that the matrix elements $\langle v_{\alpha}H_n |v_{\alpha'}\rangle$ are universal, up to finite-size corrections. More concretely, these matrix elements are given by an analogous expression for $H_n^{\tiny \text{CFT}} = \frac 1 2 (L_n + L_{-n})$ in the boundary CFT, where $L_n$'s are (one copy of) the Virasoro generators. We numerically confirm our results using the critical Ising quantum spin chain and other (free-fermion equivalent) models.

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