Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06261v4
• Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2025 11:21:11 GMT
• Title: Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
• Authors: Gheorghe Comanici, Eric Bieber, Mike Schaekermann, Ice Pasupat, Noveen Sachdeva, Inderjit Dhillon, Marcel Blistein, Ori Ram, Dan Zhang, Evan Rosen, Luke Marris, Sam Petulla, Colin Gaffney, Asaf Aharoni, Nathan Lintz, Tiago Cardal Pais, Henrik Jacobsson, Idan Szpektor, Nan-Jiang Jiang, Krishna Haridasan, Ahmed Omran, Nikunj Saunshi, Dara Bahri, Gaurav Mishra, Eric Chu, Toby Boyd, Brad Hekman, Aaron Parisi, Chaoyi Zhang, Kornraphop Kawintiranon, Tania Bedrax-Weiss, Oliver Wang, Ya Xu, Ollie Purkiss, Uri Mendlovic, Ilaï Deutel, Nam Nguyen, Adam Langley, Flip Korn, Lucia Rossazza, Alexandre Ramé, Sagar Waghmare, Helen Miller, Nathan Byrd, Ashrith Sheshan, Raia Hadsell Sangnie Bhardwaj, Pawel Janus, Tero Rissa, Dan Horgan, Sharon Silver, Ayzaan Wahid, Sergey Brin, Yves Raimond, Klemen Kloboves, Cindy Wang, Nitesh Bharadwaj Gundavarapu, Ilia Shumailov, Bo Wang, Mantas Pajarskas, Joe Heyward, Martin Nikoltchev, Maciej Kula, Hao Zhou, Zachary Garrett, Sushant Kafle, Sercan Arik, Ankita Goel, Mingyao Yang, Jiho Park, Koji Kojima, Parsa Mahmoudieh, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Grace Chen, Doug Fritz, Anton Bulyenov, Sudeshna Roy, Dimitris Paparas, Hadar Shemtov, Bo-Juen Chen, Robin Strudel, David Reitter, Aurko Roy, Andrey Vlasov, Changwan Ryu, Chas Leichner, Haichuan Yang, Zelda Mariet, Denis Vnukov, Tim Sohn, Amy Stuart, Wei Liang, Minmin Chen, Praynaa Rawlani, Christy Koh, JD Co-Reyes, Guangda Lai, Praseem Banzal, Dimitrios Vytiniotis, Jieru Mei, Mu Cai, Mohammed Badawi, Corey Fry, Ale Hartman, Daniel Zheng, Eric Jia, James Keeling, Annie Louis, Ying Chen, Efren Robles, Wei-Chih Hung, Howard Zhou, Nikita Saxena, Sonam Goenka, Olivia Ma, Zach Fisher, Mor Hazan Taege, Emily Graves, David Steiner, Yujia Li, Sarah Nguyen, Rahul Sukthankar, Joe Stanton, Ali Eslami, Gloria Shen, Berkin Akin, Alexey Guseynov, Yiqian Zhou, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Armand Joulin, Efrat Farkash, Ashish Thapliyal, Stephen Roller, Noam Shazeer, Todor Davchev, Terry Koo, Hannah Forbes-Pollard, Kartik Audhkhasi, Greg Farquhar, Adi Mayrav Gilady, Maggie Song, John Aslanides, Piermaria Mendolicchio, Alicia Parrish, John Blitzer, Pramod Gupta, Xiaoen Ju, Xiaochen Yang, Puranjay Datta, Andrea Tacchetti, Sanket Vaibhav Mehta, Gregory Dibb, Shubham Gupta, Federico Piccinini, Raia Hadsell, Sujee Rajayogam, Jiepu Jiang, Patrick Griffin, Patrik Sundberg, Jamie Hayes, Alexey Frolov, Tian Xie, Adam Zhang, Kingshuk Dasgupta, Uday Kalra, Lior Shani, Klaus Macherey, Tzu-Kuo Huang, Liam MacDermed, Karthik Duddu, Paulo Zacchello, Zi Yang, Jessica Lo, Kai Hui, Matej Kastelic, Derek Gasaway, Qijun Tan, Summer Yue, Pablo Barrio, John Wieting, Weel Yang, Andrew Nystrom, Solomon Demmessie, Anselm Levskaya, Fabio Viola, Chetan Tekur, Greg Billock, George Necula, Mandar Joshi, Rylan Schaeffer, Swachhand Lokhande, Christina Sorokin, Pradeep Shenoy, Mia Chen, Mark Collier, Hongji Li, Taylor Bos, Nevan Wichers, Sun Jae Lee, Angéline Pouget, Santhosh Thangaraj, Kyriakos Axiotis, Phil Crone, Rachel Sterneck, Nikolai Chinaev, Victoria Krakovna, Oleksandr Ferludin, Ian Gemp, Stephanie Winkler, Dan Goldberg, Ivan Korotkov, Kefan Xiao, Malika Mehrotra, Sandeep Mariserla, Vihari Piratla, Terry Thurk, Khiem Pham, Hongxu Ma, Alexandre Senges, Ravi Kumar, Clemens Meyer, Ellie Talius, Nuo Wang Pierse, Ballie Sandhu, Horia Toma, Kuo Lin, Swaroop Nath, Tom Stone, Dorsa Sadigh, Nikita Gupta, Arthur Guez, Avi Singh, Matt Thomas, Tom Duerig, Yuan Gong, Richard Tanburn, Lydia Lihui Zhang, Phuong Dao, Mohamed Hammad, Sirui Xie, Shruti Rijhwani, Ben Murdoch, Duhyeon Kim, Will Thompson, Heng-Tze Cheng, Daniel Sohn, Pablo Sprechmann, Qiantong Xu, Srinivas Tadepalli, Peter Young, Ye Zhang, Hansa Srinivasan, Miranda Aperghis, Aditya Ayyar, Hen Fitoussi, Ryan Burnell, David Madras, Mike Dusenberry, Xi Xiong, Tayo Oguntebi, Ben Albrecht, Jörg Bornschein, Jovana Mitrović, Mason Dimarco, Bhargav Kanagal Shamanna, Premal Shah, Eren Sezener, Shyam Upadhyay, Dave Lacey, Craig Schiff, Sebastien Baur, Sanjay Ganapathy, 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Jarek Wilkiewicz, Martin Zlocha, Jeremiah Liu, Zhuowan Li, Haiguang Li, Omer Barak, Ganna Raboshchuk, Jiho Choi, Fangyu Liu, Erik Jue, Mohit Sharma, Andreea Marzoca, Robert Busa-Fekete, Anna Korsun, Andre Elisseeff, Zhe Shen, Sara Mc Carthy, Kay Lamerigts, Anahita Hosseini, Hanzhao Lin, Charlie Chen, Fan Yang, Kushal Chauhan, Mark Omernick, Dawei Jia, Karina Zainullina, Demis Hassabis, Danny Vainstein, Ehsan Amid, Xiang Zhou, Ronny Votel, Eszter Vértes, Xinjian Li, Zongwei Zhou, Angeliki Lazaridou, Brendan McMahan, Arjun Narayanan, Hubert Soyer, Sujoy Basu, Kayi Lee, Bryan Perozzi, Qin Cao, Leonard Berrada, Rahul Arya, Ke Chen, Katrina, Xu, Matthias Lochbrunner, Alex Hofer, Sahand Sharifzadeh, Renjie Wu, Sally Goldman, Pranjal Awasthi, Xuezhi Wang, Yan Wu, Claire Sha, Biao Zhang, Maciej Mikuła, Filippo Graziano, Siobhan Mcloughlin, Irene Giannoumis, Youhei Namiki, Chase Malik, Carey Radebaugh, Jamie Hall, Ramiro Leal-Cavazos, Jianmin Chen, Vikas Sindhwani, David Kao, David Greene, 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Benjamin Beyret, Keerthana Gopalakrishnan, James Zhao, Kyle He, Szabolcs Payrits, Zaid Nabulsi, Zhaoyi Zhang, Weijie Chen, Edward Lee, Nova Fallen, Sreenivas Gollapudi, Aurick Zhou, Filip Pavetić, Thomas Köppe, Shiyu Huang, Rama Pasumarthi, Nick Fernando, Felix Fischer, Daria Ćurko, Yang Gao, James Svensson, Austin Stone, Haroon Qureshi, Abhishek Sinha, Apoorv Kulshreshtha, Martin Matysiak, Jieming Mao, Carl Saroufim, Aleksandra Faust, Qingnan Duan, Gil Fidel, Kaan Katircioglu, Raphaël Lopez Kaufman, Dhruv Shah, Weize Kong, Abhishek Bapna, Gellért Weisz, Emma Dunleavy, Praneet Dutta, Tianqi Liu, Rahma Chaabouni, Carolina Parada, Marcus Wu, Alexandra Belias, Alessandro Bissacco, Stanislav Fort, Li Xiao, Fantine Huot, Chris Knutsen, Yochai Blau, Gang Li, Jennifer Prendki, Juliette Love, Yinlam Chow, Pichi Charoenpanit, Hidetoshi Shimokawa, Vincent Coriou, Karol Gregor, Tomas Izo, Arjun Akula, Mario Pinto, Chris Hahn, Dominik Paulus, Jiaxian Guo, Neha Sharma, Cho-Jui Hsieh, Adaeze Chukwuka, Kazuma Hashimoto, Nathalie Rauschmayr, Ling Wu, Christof Angermueller, Yulong Wang, Sebastian Gerlach, Michael Pliskin, Daniil Mirylenka, Min Ma, Lexi Baugher, Bryan Gale, Shaan Bijwadia, Nemanja Rakićević, David Wood, Jane Park, Chung-Ching Chang, Babi Seal, Chris Tar, Kacper Krasowiak, Yiwen Song, Georgi Stephanov, Gary Wang, Marcello Maggioni, Stein Xudong Lin, Felix Wu, Shachi Paul, Zixuan Jiang, Shubham Agrawal, Bilal Piot, Alex Feng, Cheolmin Kim, Tulsee Doshi, Jonathan Lai, Chuqiao, Xu, Sharad Vikram, Ciprian Chelba, Sebastian Krause, Vincent Zhuang, Jack Rae, Timo Denk, Adrian Collister, Lotte Weerts, Xianghong Luo, Yifeng Lu, Håvard Garnes, Nitish Gupta, Terry Spitz, Avinatan Hassidim, Lihao Liang, Izhak Shafran, Peter Humphreys, Kenny Vassigh, Phil Wallis, Virat Shejwalkar, Nicolas Perez-Nieves, Rachel Hornung, Melissa Tan, Beka Westberg, Andy Ly, Richard Zhang, Brian Farris, Jongbin Park, Alec Kosik, Zeynep Cankara, Andrii Maksai, Yunhan Xu, Albin Cassirer, Sergi Caelles, Abbas Abdolmaleki, Mencher Chiang, Alex Fabrikant, Shravya Shetty, Luheng He, Mai Giménez, Hadi Hashemi, Sheena Panthaplackel, Yana Kulizhskaya, Salil Deshmukh, Daniele Pighin, Robin Alazard, Disha Jindal, Seb Noury, Pradeep Kumar S, Siyang Qin, Xerxes Dotiwalla, Stephen Spencer, Mohammad Babaeizadeh, Blake JianHang Chen, Vaibhav Mehta, Jennie Lees, Andrew Leach, Penporn Koanantakool, Ilia Akolzin, Ramona Comanescu, Junwhan Ahn, Alexey Svyatkovskiy, Basil Mustafa, David D'Ambrosio, Shiva Mohan Reddy Garlapati, Pascal Lamblin, Alekh Agarwal, Shuang Song, Pier Giuseppe Sessa, Pauline Coquinot, John Maggs, Hussain Masoom, Divya Pitta, Yaqing Wang, Patrick Morris-Suzuki, Billy Porter, Johnson Jia, Jeffrey Dudek, Raghavender R, Cosmin Paduraru, Alan Ansell, Tolga Bolukbasi, Tony Lu, Ramya Ganeshan, Zi Wang, Henry Griffiths, Rodrigo Benenson, Yifan He, James Swirhun, George Papamakarios, Aditya Chawla, Kuntal Sengupta, Yan Wang, Vedrana Milutinovic, Igor Mordatch, Zhipeng Jia, Jamie Smith, Will Ng, Shitij Nigam, Matt Young, Eugen Vušak, Blake Hechtman, Sheela Goenka, Avital Zipori, Kareem Ayoub, Ashok Popat, Trilok Acharya, Luo Yu, Dawn Bloxwich, Hugo Song, Paul Roit, Haiqiong Li, Aviel Boag, Nigamaa Nayakanti, Bilva Chandra, Tianli Ding, Aahil Mehta, Cath Hope, Jiageng Zhang, Idan Heimlich Shtacher, Kartikeya Badola, Ryo Nakashima, Andrei Sozanschi, Iulia Comşa, Ante Žužul, Emily Caveness, Julian Odell, Matthew Watson, Dario de Cesare, Phillip Lippe, Derek Lockhart, Siddharth Verma, Huizhong Chen, Sean Sun, Lin Zhuo, Aditya Shah, Prakhar Gupta, Alex Muzio, Ning Niu, Amir Zait, Abhinav Singh, Meenu Gaba, Fan Ye, Prajit Ramachandran, Mohammad Saleh, Raluca Ada Popa, Ayush Dubey, Frederick Liu, Sara Javanmardi, Mark Epstein, Ross Hemsley, Richard Green, Nishant Ranka, Eden Cohen, Chuyuan Kelly Fu, Sanjay Ghemawat, Jed Borovik, James Martens, Anthony Chen, Pranav Shyam, André Susano Pinto, Ming-Hsuan Yang, Alexandru Ţifrea, David Du, Boqing Gong, Ayushi Agarwal, Seungyeon Kim, Christian Frank, Saloni Shah, Xiaodan Song, Zhiwei Deng, Ales Mikhalap, Kleopatra Chatziprimou, Timothy Chung, Toni Creswell, Susan Zhang, Yennie Jun, Carl Lebsack, Will Truong, Slavica Andačić, Itay Yona, Marco Fornoni, Rong Rong, Serge Toropov, Afzal Shama Soudagar, Andrew Audibert, Salah Zaiem, Zaheer Abbas, Andrei Rusu, Sahitya Potluri, Shitao Weng, Anastasios Kementsietsidis, Anton Tsitsulin, Daiyi Peng, Natalie Ha, Sanil Jain, Tejasi Latkar, Simeon Ivanov, Cory McLean, Anirudh GP, Rajesh Venkataraman, Canoee Liu, Dilip Krishnan, Joel D'sa, Roey Yogev, Paul Collins, Benjamin Lee, Lewis Ho, Carl Doersch, Gal Yona, Shawn Gao, Felipe Tiengo Ferreira, Adnan Ozturel, Hannah Muckenhirn, Ce Zheng, Gargi Balasubramaniam, Mudit Bansal, George van den Driessche, Sivan Eiger, Salem Haykal, Vedant Misra, Abhimanyu Goyal, Danilo Martins, Gary Leung, Jonas Valfridsson, Four Flynn, Will Bishop, Chenxi Pang, Yoni Halpern, Honglin Yu, Lawrence Moore, Yuvein, Zhu, Sridhar Thiagarajan, Yoel Drori, Zhisheng Xiao, Lucio Dery, Rolf Jagerman, Jing Lu, Eric Ge, Vaibhav Aggarwal, Arjun Khare, Vinh Tran, Oded Elyada, Ferran Alet, James Rubin, Ian Chou, David Tian, Libin Bai, Lawrence Chan, Lukasz Lew, Karolis Misiunas, Taylan Bilal, Aniket Ray, Sindhu Raghuram, Alex Castro-Ros, Viral Carpenter, CJ Zheng, Michael Kilgore, Josef Broder, Emily Xue, Praveen Kallakuri, Dheeru Dua, Nancy Yuen, Steve Chien, John Schultz, Saurabh Agrawal, Reut Tsarfaty, Jingcao Hu, Ajay Kannan, Dror Marcus, Nisarg Kothari, Baochen Sun, Ben Horn, Matko Bošnjak, Ferjad Naeem, Dean Hirsch, Lewis Chiang, Boya Fang, Jie Han, Qifei Wang, Ben Hora, Antoine He, Mario Lučić, Beer Changpinyo, Anshuman Tripathi, John Youssef, Chester Kwak, Philippe Schlattner, Cat Graves, Rémi Leblond, Wenjun Zeng, Anders Andreassen, Gabriel Rasskin, Yue Song, Eddie Cao, Junhyuk Oh, Matt Hoffman, Wojtek Skut, Yichi Zhang, Jon Stritar, Xingyu Cai, Saarthak Khanna, Kathie Wang, Shriya Sharma, Christian Reisswig, 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• Abstract summary: Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks.<n> Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements.<n> Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost.
• Score: 1595.0077799129497
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements and Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost. Taken together, the Gemini 2.X model generation spans the full Pareto frontier of model capability vs cost, allowing users to explore the boundaries of what is possible with complex agentic problem solving.

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