Learning Robust Negation Text Representations

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12782v1
• Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2025 04:48:54 GMT
• Title: Learning Robust Negation Text Representations
• Authors: Thinh Hung Truong, Karin Verspoor, Trevor Cohn, Timothy Baldwin,
• Abstract summary: We propose a strategy to improve negation of text encoders using diverse patterns of negation and hedging.<n>We observe large improvement in negation understanding capabilities while maintaining competitive performance on general benchmarks.<n>Our method can be adapted to LLMs, leading to improved performance on negation benchmarks.
• Score: 60.23044940174016
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Despite rapid adoption of autoregressive large language models, smaller text encoders still play an important role in text understanding tasks that require rich contextualized representations. Negation is an important semantic function that is still not properly captured by such methods, affecting many downstream applications relying on text embeddings. We propose a strategy to improve negation robustness of text encoders, by distilling data from large language models using diverse patterns of negation and hedging. We adopt a standard contrastive learning strategy to finetune a strong BERT-based model, and observe large improvement in negation understanding capabilities while maintaining competitive performance on general benchmarks. In addition, we also show that our method can be adapted to LLMs, leading to improved performance on negation benchmarks.

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