Improving Fairness in Graph Neural Networks via Counterfactual Debiasing

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.14683v1
• Date: Wed, 20 Aug 2025 12:59:05 GMT
• Title: Improving Fairness in Graph Neural Networks via Counterfactual Debiasing
• Authors: Zengyi Wo, Chang Liu, Yumeng Wang, Minglai Shao, Wenjun Wang,
• Abstract summary: Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been successful in modeling graph-structured data.<n>GNNs can exhibit bias in predictions based on attributes like race and gender.<n>We present a novel approach utilizing counterfactual data augmentation for bias mitigation.
• Score: 4.984092292992338
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been successful in modeling graph-structured data. However, similar to other machine learning models, GNNs can exhibit bias in predictions based on attributes like race and gender. Moreover, bias in GNNs can be exacerbated by the graph structure and message-passing mechanisms. Recent cutting-edge methods propose mitigating bias by filtering out sensitive information from input or representations, like edge dropping or feature masking. Yet, we argue that such strategies may unintentionally eliminate non-sensitive features, leading to a compromised balance between predictive accuracy and fairness. To tackle this challenge, we present a novel approach utilizing counterfactual data augmentation for bias mitigation. This method involves creating diverse neighborhoods using counterfactuals before message passing, facilitating unbiased node representations learning from the augmented graph. Subsequently, an adversarial discriminator is employed to diminish bias in predictions by conventional GNN classifiers. Our proposed technique, Fair-ICD, ensures the fairness of GNNs under moderate conditions. Experiments on standard datasets using three GNN backbones demonstrate that Fair-ICD notably enhances fairness metrics while preserving high predictive performance.

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