AdaBlock-dLLM: Semantic-Aware Diffusion LLM Inference via Adaptive Block Size

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26432v2
• Date: Wed, 01 Oct 2025 11:26:36 GMT
• Title: AdaBlock-dLLM: Semantic-Aware Diffusion LLM Inference via Adaptive Block Size
• Authors: Guanxi Lu, Hao Mark Chen, Yuto Karashima, Zhican Wang, Daichi Fujiki, Hongxiang Fan,
• Abstract summary: Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) are gaining attention for their inherent capacity for parallel decoding.<n>This paper presents the first systematic investigation challenging the fixed block size assumption in semi-AR decoding.<n>We introduce AdaBlock-dLLM, a training-free, plug-and-play scheduler that adaptively aligns block boundaries with semantic steps by adjusting block size during runtime.
• Score: 7.442463267121892
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) are gaining attention for their inherent capacity for parallel decoding, offering a compelling alternative to autoregressive LLMs. Among various decoding strategies, blockwise semi-autoregressive (semi-AR) approaches are widely adopted due to their natural support for KV caching and their favorable accuracy-speed trade-off. However, this paper identifies two fundamental limitations in the conventional semi-AR decoding approach that applies a fixed block size: i) late decoding overhead, where the unmasking of high-confidence tokens outside the current block is unnecessarily delayed, and ii) premature decoding error, where low-confidence tokens inside the current block are committed too early, leading to incorrect tokens. This paper presents the first systematic investigation challenging the fixed block size assumption in semi-AR decoding. Through a statistical analysis of confidence dynamics during the denoising process, we identify a volatility band (VB) region during dLLM decoding, which encodes local semantic structure and can be used to guide adaptive block sizing. Leveraging these insights, we introduce AdaBlock-dLLM, a training-free, plug-and-play scheduler that adaptively aligns block boundaries with semantic steps by adjusting block size during runtime. Extensive experiments across diverse benchmarks show that AdaBlock-dLLM achieves up to 5.3% accuracy improvement under the same throughput budget. Beyond inference-time optimization, we hope our semantics-aware adaptive scheduling approach and confidence-based analysis will inspire future training strategies for dLLMs.

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