Hybrid Schemes of NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standard Algorithms and Quantum Key Distribution for Key Exchange and Digital Signature

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02379v1
• Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 05:14:34 GMT
• Title: Hybrid Schemes of NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standard Algorithms and Quantum Key Distribution for Key Exchange and Digital Signature
• Authors: Abel C. H. Chen,
• Abstract summary: This study proposes hybrid schemes that integrate QKD with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standardized PQC algorithms.<n>For the hybrid key exchange protocol, this study combines Module-Lattice-based Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (ML-KEM) with QKD protocols, specifically BB84 and E91.<n>In the design of the hybrid digital signature scheme, this study utilizes Module-Lattice-based Digital Signature Algorithms (ML-DSA) and Stateless Hash-based Digital Signature Algorithms (SLH-DSA) to generate signature reconstruction values.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Since the security of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms is based on the hardness of mathematical problems, while the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on the fundamental principles of quantum physics, each approach possesses distinct advantages and limitations that can complement one another. Consequently, recent studies have proposed hybrid schemes that combine QKD and PQC to establish a dual-layered security model. In response to this trend, this study proposes hybrid schemes that integrate QKD with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standardized PQC algorithms. These hybrid schemes include two core components: a hybrid QKD-PQC key exchange protocol and a hybrid QKD-PQC digital signature scheme. For the hybrid key exchange protocol, this study combines Module-Lattice-based Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (ML-KEM) with QKD protocols, specifically BB84 and E91, to construct a secure key exchange protocol. In the design of the hybrid digital signature scheme, this study utilizes Module-Lattice-based Digital Signature Algorithms (ML-DSA) and Stateless Hash-based Digital Signature Algorithms (SLH-DSA) to generate signature reconstruction values. These values are verified using confirmation codes transmitted via the BB84 and E91 protocols. The proposed hybrid key exchange protocol is evaluated by examining the shared secret key it produces, particularly with respect to entropy and whether the output is independent and identically distributed (IID). Furthermore, the computation time and message lengths of the proposed hybrid schemes are evaluated.

Related papers

• Combined Quantum and Post-Quantum Security Performance Under Finite Keys [3.9556117884773]
  hybrid schemes that combine Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) with Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)<n>Most existing hybrid designs omit realistic finite-key effects on QKD key rates and do not specify how to maintain security when both QKD and PQC primitives leak information through side-channels.<n>We advance a recently proposed hybrid QKD-PQC system by integrating tight finite-key security to the QKD primitive and improving the design for better scalability.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-12-04T03:52:08Z)
• An introductory review of the theory of continuous-variable quantum key distribution: Fundamentals, protocols, and security [35.18016233072556]
  Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) has emerged as a promising approach for secure quantum communication.<n>CV-QKD offers advantages such as high key generation rates, compatibility with standard telecommunication infrastructure, and potential for integration on photonic chips.<n>This review provides an accessible introduction to the theory of CV-QKD, aimed at researchers entering this rapidly developing field.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-12-01T15:03:19Z)
• A Hybrid Encryption Framework Combining Classical, Post-Quantum, and QKD Methods [0.0]
  This paper introduces a hybrid encryption framework combining classical cryptography (EdDSA, ECDH), post-quantum cryptography (ML-DSA-6x5, ML-KEM-768), and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) via Guardian to counter quantum computing threats.<n>Our prototype implements this integration, using a key derivation function to generate secure symmetric and HMAC keys, and evaluates its performance across execution time and network metrics.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-09-09T08:48:38Z)
• Hybrid Quantum Security for IPsec [1.8637078358591843]
  This paper presents the first systematic comparison of sequential versus parallel hybrid QKD-PQC key establishment strategies for IPsec.<n>We introduce two novel approaches for incorporating QKD into Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) with support for both ETSI GS QKD 004 stateful and ETSI GS QKD 014 stateless API specifications.<n>Our key insight is that parallel hybrid approaches eliminate the multiplicative latency penalties inherent in sequential methods mandated by RFC 9370.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-07-12T13:54:04Z)
• Practical hybrid PQC-QKD protocols with enhanced security and performance [44.8840598334124]
  We develop hybrid protocols by which QKD and PQC inter-operate within a joint quantum-classical network. In particular, we consider different hybrid designs that may offer enhanced speed and/or security over the individual performance of either approach.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-11-02T00:02:01Z)
• Towards efficient and secure quantum-classical communication networks [47.27205216718476]
  There are two primary approaches to achieving quantum-resistant security: quantum key distribution (QKD) and post-quantum cryptography (PQC) We introduce the pros and cons of these protocols and explore how they can be combined to achieve a higher level of security and/or improved performance in key distribution. We hope our discussion inspires further research into the design of hybrid cryptographic protocols for quantum-classical communication networks.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-11-01T23:36:19Z)
• Twin-field-based multi-party quantum key agreement [0.0]
  We study a method to extend the twin-field key distribution protocol to a scheme for multi-party quantum key agreement.<n>We study our protocol's security using a minimum error discrimination analysis and derive the key rate based on the entanglement-based source-replacement scheme.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-09-06T11:51:10Z)
• The Road to Near-Capacity CV-QKD Reconciliation: An FEC-Agnostic Design [53.67135680812675]
  A new codeword-based QKD reconciliation scheme is proposed. Both the authenticated classical channel (ClC) and the quantum channel (QuC) are protected by separate forward error correction (FEC) coding schemes. The proposed system makes QKD reconciliation compatible with a wide range of FEC schemes.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-03-24T14:47:08Z)
• Coding-Based Hybrid Post-Quantum Cryptosystem for Non-Uniform Information [53.85237314348328]
  We introduce for non-uniform messages a novel hybrid universal network coding cryptosystem (NU-HUNCC) We show that NU-HUNCC is information-theoretic individually secured against an eavesdropper with access to any subset of the links.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-02-13T12:12:39Z)
• Composably secure data processing for Gaussian-modulated continuous variable quantum key distribution [58.720142291102135]
  Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (QKD) employs the quadratures of a bosonic mode to establish a secret key between two remote parties. We consider a protocol with homodyne detection in the general setting of composable finite-size security. In particular, we analyze the high signal-to-noise regime which requires the use of high-rate (non-binary) low-density parity check codes.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-03-30T18:02:55Z)
• A polarization quantum key distribution scheme based on phase matching [0.0]
  The Quantum Key Distribution protocol can encode a single quantum state and implements an information-theoretically secure key distribution protocol in communication. This paper successfully gives the polarization scheme of this PM-QKD protocol, the bases in the polarization scheme are arbitrary, and eliminates detector side channel attacks. The simulation results show that our protocol is superior to the BB84 protocol in terms of transmission distance under the fixed key rate.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2020-03-02T10:33:18Z)

This list is automatically generated from the titles and abstracts of the papers in this site.

This site does not guarantee the quality of this site (including all information) and is not responsible for any consequences.