Parametric Mean-Field empirical Bayes in high-dimensional linear regression

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2601.16842v1
• Date: Fri, 23 Jan 2026 15:44:01 GMT
• Title: Parametric Mean-Field empirical Bayes in high-dimensional linear regression
• Authors: Seunghyun Lee, Nabarun Deb,
• Abstract summary: We characterize a sharp phase transition behavior for the Empirical Bayes (vEB) estimator.<n>In the first regime, we show how the estimated prior can be calibrated to enable valid coordinate-wise and delocalized inference.<n>In the second regime, we propose a debiasing technique as a way to improve the performance of the vEB estimator.
• Score: 8.197187859375694
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: In this paper, we consider the problem of parametric empirical Bayes estimation of an i.i.d. prior in high-dimensional Bayesian linear regression, with random design. We obtain the asymptotic distribution of the variational Empirical Bayes (vEB) estimator, which approximately maximizes a variational lower bound of the intractable marginal likelihood. We characterize a sharp phase transition behavior for the vEB estimator -- namely that it is information theoretically optimal (in terms of limiting variance) up to $p=o(n^{2/3})$ while it suffers from a sub-optimal convergence rate in higher dimensions. In the first regime, i.e., when $p=o(n^{2/3})$, we show how the estimated prior can be calibrated to enable valid coordinate-wise and delocalized inference, both under the \emph{empirical Bayes posterior} and the oracle posterior. In the second regime, we propose a debiasing technique as a way to improve the performance of the vEB estimator beyond $p=o(n^{2/3})$. Extensive numerical experiments corroborate our theoretical findings.

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