Programmable pixel-mode linear interferometers using multi-plane light conversion

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15836v1
• Date: Mon, 16 Mar 2026 19:08:38 GMT
• Title: Programmable pixel-mode linear interferometers using multi-plane light conversion
• Abstract summary: We analyze and experimentally demonstrate a programmable architecture for implementing linear optical transformations directly on spatially tiled free-space pixel modes.<n>In this architecture, $M$ spatial modes arranged on a transverse lattice undergo a unitary transformation and are mapped to $M$ output modes of identical geometry.<n> Numerical simulations show that arbitrary $M$-mode unitaries can be compiled to a desired high fidelity using a number of phase planes that scales approximately linearly with $M$.
• Score: 0.7286236337636302
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Programmable linear optical interferometers are a core primitive in optical signal processing, quantum information processing, and photonic computing. Existing photonic-integrated implementations realize arbitrary $M$-mode unitaries using Mach--Zehnder-interferometer meshes whose footprint and accumulated loss scale with $O(M^2)$ optical components. Here we analyze and experimentally demonstrate a programmable architecture for implementing linear optical transformations directly on spatially tiled free-space pixel modes using multi-plane light conversion (MPLC). In this architecture, $M$ spatial modes arranged on a transverse lattice undergo a unitary transformation and are mapped to $M$ output modes of identical geometry through a sequence of programmable phase masks separated by free-space propagation segments. Numerical simulations show that arbitrary $M$-mode unitaries can be compiled to a desired high fidelity using a number of phase planes that scales approximately linearly with $M$. Using a spatial-light-modulator-based MPLC, we experimentally demonstrate programmable interferometers acting on up to $16$ spatial pixel modes, including tunable beamsplitters, Hadamard unitaries, spatial permutations, boosted-Bell-measurement unitaries, and partial unitaries on select subsets of modes. These results establish MPLC-based pixel-mode interferometers as a promising architecture for programmable linear optics with applications in classical and quantum optical interconnects, photonic switching, and quantum information processing.

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