Time-Multiplexed Distributed Quantum Sensing

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18807v1
• Date: Thu, 19 Mar 2026 11:57:38 GMT
• Title: Time-Multiplexed Distributed Quantum Sensing
• Abstract summary: Heisenberg scaling has been extended from $1/N2$ to $1/(NM)2$ in distributed quantum sensing.<n>We show that exploiting entanglement across temporal modes via time-domain multiplexing enables a scaling advantage with respect to $R$.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Quantum metrology enables parameter estimation beyond classical limits by exploiting nonclassical resources such as squeezing and entanglement. In distributed quantum sensing, Heisenberg scaling has been extended from $1/N^2$ to $1/(NM)^2$ through entanglement across both particles and spatial modes, where $N$ denotes the photon number and $M$ the number of spatially distributed modes. However, the overall sensitivity has remained limited to linear scaling with the number of measurement repetitions $R$. Here, we show that exploiting entanglement across temporal modes via time-domain multiplexing enables a scaling advantage with respect to $R$. As a result, the sensitivity can asymptotically approach simultaneous Heisenberg scaling in photons, spatial modes, and repetitions, yielding an overall sensitivity approaching $Δ^2 φ\propto 1/(NMR)^2$. Using the Bogoliubov transformation formalism, we prove the optimality of the protocol within the class of Gaussian states and show that the scaling is realizable via homodyne detection and maximum-likelihood estimation. We further show that the advantage persists under optical loss and propose an experimentally feasible loop-based photonic sensing scheme. Our results open a route to incorporating time-multiplexing techniques into quantum metrology.

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