Does Structured Intent Representation Generalize? A Cross-Language, Cross-Model Empirical Study of 5W3H Prompting

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25379v1
• Date: Thu, 26 Mar 2026 12:29:42 GMT
• Title: Does Structured Intent Representation Generalize? A Cross-Language, Cross-Model Empirical Study of 5W3H Prompting
• Abstract summary: We study PPS, a 5W3H-based framework for structured intent representation in human-AI interaction.<n>We find that AI-expanded 5W3H prompts show no statistically significant difference in goal alignment from manually crafted 5W3H prompts.<n>We also show that unstructured prompts exhibit a systematic dual-inflation bias.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Does structured intent representation generalize across languages and models? We study PPS (Prompt Protocol Specification), a 5W3H-based framework for structured intent representation in human-AI interaction, and extend prior Chinese-only evidence along three dimensions: two additional languages (English and Japanese), a fourth condition in which a user's simple prompt is automatically expanded into a full 5W3H specification by an AI-assisted authoring interface, and a new research question on cross-model output consistency. Across 2,160 model outputs (3 languages x 4 conditions x 3 LLMs x 60 tasks), we find that AI-expanded 5W3H prompts (Condition D) show no statistically significant difference in goal alignment from manually crafted 5W3H prompts (Condition C) across all three languages, while requiring only a single-sentence input from the user. Structured PPS conditions often reduce or reshape cross-model output variance, though this effect is not uniform across languages and metrics; the strongest evidence comes from identifying spurious low variance in unconstrained baselines. We also show that unstructured prompts exhibit a systematic dual-inflation bias: artificially high composite scores and artificially low apparent cross-model variance. These findings suggest that structured 5W3H representations can improve intent alignment and accessibility across languages and models, especially when AI-assisted authoring lowers the barrier for non-expert users.

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