RL-Driven Sustainable Land-Use Allocation for the Lake Malawi Basin

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03768v2
• Date: Sat, 11 Apr 2026 15:00:46 GMT
• Title: RL-Driven Sustainable Land-Use Allocation for the Lake Malawi Basin
• Abstract summary: This paper presents a framework for optimizing land-use allocation in the Lake Malawi Basin to maximize total ecosystem service value (ESV)<n>We evaluate the framework across three scenarios: (i) pure ESV, (ii) ESV with spatial reward shaping, and (iii) a regenerative agriculture policy scenario.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Unsustainable land-use practices in ecologically sensitive regions threaten biodiversity, water resources, and the livelihoods of millions. This paper presents a deep reinforcement learning (RL) framework for optimizing land-use allocation in the Lake Malawi Basin to maximize total ecosystem service value (ESV). Drawing on the benefit transfer methodology of Costanza et al., we assign biome-specific ESV coefficients -- locally anchored to a Malawi wetland valuation -- to nine land-cover classes derived from Sentinel-2 imagery. The RL environment models a 50x50 cell grid at 500m resolution, where a Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) agent with action masking iteratively transfers land-use pixels between modifiable classes. The reward function combines per-cell ecological value with spatial coherence objectives: contiguity bonuses for ecologically connected land-use patches (forest, cropland, built area etc.) and buffer zone penalties for high-impact development adjacent to water bodies. We evaluate the framework across three scenarios: (i) pure ESV maximization, (ii) ESV with spatial reward shaping, and (iii) a regenerative agriculture policy scenario. Results demonstrate that the agent effectively learns to increase total ESV; that spatial reward shaping successfully steers allocations toward ecologically sound patterns, including homogeneous land-use clustering and slight forest consolidation near water bodies; and that the framework responds meaningfully to policy parameter changes, establishing its utility as a scenario-analysis tool for environmental planning.

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