Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with Runtime Safety Shielding for Power Grid Operation

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14032v1
• Date: Wed, 15 Apr 2026 16:11:10 GMT
• Title: Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with Runtime Safety Shielding for Power Grid Operation
• Abstract summary: This paper proposes a safety-constrained hierarchical control framework for power-grid operation.<n>A high-level reinforcement learning policy proposes abstract control actions, while a deterministic runtime safety shield filters unsafe actions.<n>Results show that flat reinforcement learning policies are brittle under stress, while safety-only methods are overly conservative.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Reinforcement learning has shown promise for automating power-grid operation tasks such as topology control and congestion management. However, its deployment in real-world power systems remains limited by strict safety requirements, brittleness under rare disturbances, and poor generalization to unseen grid topologies. In safety-critical infrastructure, catastrophic failures cannot be tolerated, and learning-based controllers must operate within hard physical constraints. This paper proposes a safety-constrained hierarchical control framework for power-grid operation that explicitly decouples long-horizon decision-making from real-time feasibility enforcement. A high-level reinforcement learning policy proposes abstract control actions, while a deterministic runtime safety shield filters unsafe actions using fast forward simulation. Safety is enforced as a runtime invariant, independent of policy quality or training distribution. The proposed framework is evaluated on the Grid2Op benchmark suite under nominal conditions, forced line-outage stress tests, and zero-shot deployment on the ICAPS 2021 large-scale transmission grid without retraining. Results show that flat reinforcement learning policies are brittle under stress, while safety-only methods are overly conservative. In contrast, the proposed hierarchical and safety-aware approach achieves longer episode survival, lower peak line loading, and robust zero-shot generalization to unseen grids. These results indicate that safety and generalization in power-grid control are best achieved through architectural design rather than increasingly complex reward engineering, providing a practical path toward deployable learning-based controllers for real-world energy systems.

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