Ligand-Conditioned Discrete Diffusion for Protein Sequence-Structure Co-Design

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2605.27413v1
• Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 04:45:47 GMT
• Title: Ligand-Conditioned Discrete Diffusion for Protein Sequence-Structure Co-Design
• Abstract summary: We introduce textbfProtLiD$2$, a textbfProtein textbfLigand-conditioned textbfDiscrete textbfDiffusion model for protein sequence-structure co-design.
• Score: 20.54191936517173
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Proteins perform their biological functions through three-dimensional structures encoded by amino acid sequences, and ligand-binding protein co-design requires models that generate sequence-structure compatible proteins under explicit ligand constraints. Although continuous diffusion and flow-based models support ligand-aware design in coordinate or latent spaces, existing discrete diffusion protein language models mainly operate over sequence or structure tokens without direct small-molecule conditioning. We introduce \textbf{ProtLiD$^2$}, a \textbf{Prot}ein \textbf{L}igand-conditioned \textbf{D}iscrete \textbf{D}iffusion model for protein sequence-structure co-design. ProtLiD$^2$ jointly generates amino-acid sequence and discrete structure tokens while incorporating ligand chemical and geometric information through geometry-aware cross-attention. Trained on over one million ligand-protein complexes, ProtLiD$^2$ extends masked discrete diffusion to ligand-aware functional protein design. We further propose maximum confidence-margin guided ReMask decoding, an inference-time self-correction strategy that retains confident predictions and remasks uncertain tokens. ProtLiD$^2$ improves global fold confidence over Complexa in whole-protein design, increasing TM-score from 0.672 to 0.802 and pLDDT from 64.55 to 73.00. In pocket co-design, ProtLiD$^2$ reduces active-site BB-RMSD from 3.46/3.40Å for FAIR/PocketGen to 1.97Å, and improves ligand-aware pass rates over PocketGen from 14.86% to 59.73% and from 6.08% to 23.49% under stricter docking thresholds. These results support ligand-conditioned discrete diffusion as an effective token-space framework for functional protein co-design. Code will be available at https://github.com/auroua/ProtLiD.

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