The Unicity Execution Layer

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02181v1
• Date: Mon, 01 Jun 2026 12:37:31 GMT
• Title: The Unicity Execution Layer
• Abstract summary: We present a formal security model where token ownership is represented by public keys and transfers require digital signatures.<n>We prove three fundamental security properties: (1) no double-spending--each token state can be spent at most once, (2) no blocking--only the legitimate owner can prevent a token from being spent, and (3) service-side privacy--the Unicity Service cannot link transactions with the same token.
• Score: 1.0350267312618164
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
• Abstract: This paper introduces the Unicity Execution Layer, a modular component of the Unicity framework enabling secure off-chain transactions while maintaining trustless double-spending prevention. We present a formal security model where token ownership is represented by public keys and transfers require digital signatures. We prove three fundamental security properties: (1) no double-spending--each token state can be spent at most once, (2) no blocking--only the legitimate owner can prevent a token from being spent, and (3) service-side privacy--the Unicity Service cannot link transactions with the same token. The user-side privacy is addressed by introducing generalized multi-public-key signature schemes that allow one secret to generate multiple unlinkable public keys, and interactive and non-interactive concrete instantiations, enabling private transactions with stable public identity with minimal key management overhead.

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