Detecting Pen-In-Air States from Video: A Proof-of-Concept Toward Complementary Handwriting Analysis

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02342v1
• Date: Mon, 01 Jun 2026 14:50:27 GMT
• Title: Detecting Pen-In-Air States from Video: A Proof-of-Concept Toward Complementary Handwriting Analysis
• Abstract summary: Tablet-based sensing restricts analysis of Pen-Up behavior to a short proximity range above the writing surface.<n>We propose a hybrid pipeline combining pen-tip tracking using a YOLO-based detector with kinematic feature extraction and machine learning classification.<n>Results support the feasibility of video-based Pen-Up detection as a low-cost and non-intrusive complement to digitizing tablets, and provide a foundation for future large-scale studies.
• Score: 1.8744230606349503
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Dynamic aspects of handwriting are critical for assessing developmental disorders such as dysgraphia and are typically captured using digitizing tablets. However, tablet-based sensing restricts analysis of Pen-Up behavior to a short proximity range above the writing surface, potentially missing high-lift in-air movements. As a proof of concept, we investigate whether top-view video can provide a complementary source of information for inferring pen-contact states without relying on tablet proximity sensing. We propose an interpretable hybrid pipeline combining pen-tip tracking using a YOLO-based detector with kinematic feature extraction and machine learning classification. A pilot dataset of diverse handwriting videos was manually annotated at the frame level and evaluation used a Leave-One-Video-Out (LOVO) protocol. The method achieved reliable event-level detection of Pen-Up segments, with an F_2 score up to 0.805, consistent with the emphasis on recall in a screening-oriented setting. These results support the feasibility of video-based Pen-Up detection as a low-cost and non-intrusive complement to digitizing tablets, and provide a foundation for future large-scale studies.

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