BVS: Bayesian Visual Search with Multimodal Large Language Model for Fine-grained Perception

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2607.03184v1
• Date: Fri, 03 Jul 2026 10:42:34 GMT
• Title: BVS: Bayesian Visual Search with Multimodal Large Language Model for Fine-grained Perception
• Abstract summary: We propose Bayesian Visual Search, a framework that formulates perception as a global optimization problem over a continuous spatial-scale manifold.<n>We provide theoretical guarantees via sub-linear bounds regret, and extensive experiments demonstrate that BVS significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines with a superior trade-off between accuracy and efficiency.
• Score: 54.31138496553705
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demonstrate impressive general capabilities, they struggle with fine-grained perception in ultra-high-resolution (UHR) images, particularly for tiny objects in cluttered scenes. Existing methods face a dilemma: they either rely on inefficient prior-free scanning, or depend on static prior-driven heuristics that lack posterior correction to rectify initial model biases. To address this, we propose BVS (Bayesian Visual Search), a framework that formulates perception as a global optimization problem over a continuous spatial-scale manifold. Specifically, BVS bridges prior guidance with posterior correction: it utilizes an early-stop attention rollout of MLLM to construct reasoning-aware priors, while employing a scale-aware non-stationary kernel and GP-UCB to dynamically rectify noise and recover missing information in the prior through iterative local observations. We provide theoretical guarantees via sub-linear regret bounds, and extensive experiments demonstrate that BVS significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines with a superior trade-off between accuracy and efficiency.

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