A geometric framework for spin relaxation

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2607.21569v1
• Date: Thu, 23 Jul 2026 17:50:26 GMT
• Title: A geometric framework for spin relaxation
• Abstract summary: We develop a framework in which geometric dissipation is represented by a single covariant relaxation tensor acting in Liouville space.<n>This framework unifies Bloch, Redfield, and Lindblad descriptions within a coordinate-independent formulation.
• Score: 0.002473406638475808
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
• Abstract: Spin relaxation is conventionally described by two independent phenomenological rates - longitudinal ($R_1$) and transverse ($R_2$) - whose separation obscures a deeper structural unity. Here we develop a geometric framework in which dissipation is represented by a single covariant relaxation tensor acting in Liouville space, from which $R_1$ and $R_2$ emerge as complementary projections. This tensor structure is not merely formal but is experimentally accessible through pulse sequences that probe noncommuting directions in spin space. Using hyperpolarized $^{13}C$ spins in diamond with nitrogen-vacancy centers, we show that commuting pulse trains yield effective relaxation matrices that are approximately diagonal, while noncommuting sequences produce off-diagonal components that vary with transmitter frequency offset and pulse ordering, providing evidence that relaxation is a directional process governed by a tensor rather than a pair of scalar rates. Complementary measurements of geometric phase demonstrate that noncommuting dynamics introduce ordering-dependent effects that are separable from dissipation, consistent with the interpretation of relaxation as geometric transport on the state manifold. This framework unifies Bloch, Redfield, and Lindblad descriptions within a coordinate-independent formulation and provides a natural language for relaxation in driven, anisotropic, and non-equilibrium spin systems.

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