Frame-Dependent Traces and the Third-Particle Paradox

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2607.21703v1
• Date: Thu, 23 Jul 2026 18:00:01 GMT
• Title: Frame-Dependent Traces and the Third-Particle Paradox
• Abstract summary: We show that the Paradox of the Third Particle arises when comparing subsystem descriptions across Quantum Reference Tracing perspectives.<n>We argue that our condition captures the Paradox content: rather than imposing consistency on the whole state space, we reproduce exactly the states on which it holds.
• Score: 45.88028371034407
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: The Paradox of the Third Particle arises when comparing subsystem descriptions across Quantum Reference Frame (QRF) perspectives. We isolate two distinct origins of the Paradox: the QRF covariance of the partial trace and the failure of the physical Hilbert space to inherit the kinematical tensor-product structure. We give an explicit counterexample to the Relational Trace (RT) resolution: an uncorrelated product state for which the RT statistical condition trivialises. We then introduce a new statistical consistency condition comparing subsystem discarding between external and internal QRFs, together with an associated frame-dependent map, the Perspective Relational Trace (PRT). We argue that our condition captures the operational content of the Paradox: rather than imposing consistency on the whole state space, we characterise exactly the states on which it holds in the Perspective-Neutral (PN) and Quantum-Information (QI) approaches. This separates three levels of description: a PN subsystem of a PN whole, where consistency fails on a characterised set that includes product states; a QI subsystem of a QI whole, where it holds for all states; and a QI subsystem obtained from a PN whole by kinematical partial trace, where the full weakly invariant algebra is recovered, yet consistency holds only on a proper subset. These results show that the PN approach can consistently describe only a closed, isolated system, while the QI approach can accommodate arbitrary subsystems. Tracing out a subsystem from a globally PN state yields a charge-superselected algebra, reproducing in a minimal QRF model the boundary-charge structure of edge modes. We understand the Paradox not as a genuine contradiction, but as the consequence of comparing inequivalent physical layers without tracking which information is externally and which internally accessible.

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