Open-Set Cattle Muzzle Identification: A Leakage-Controlled Benchmark and Evaluation Protocol

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28663v1
• Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2026 15:48:21 GMT
• Title: Open-Set Cattle Muzzle Identification: A Leakage-Controlled Benchmark and Evaluation Protocol
• Abstract summary: We reformulate cattle muzzle biometrics as an open-set, gallery-based identification problem.<n>We introduce a leakage-controlled evaluation protocol based on identity-disjoint splits, per-fold retraining, held-out threshold calibration, verified duplicate removal, and bootstrap confidence intervals.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Reliable individual cattle identification supports disease surveillance, vaccination records, breeding management, and livestock insurance. Although the bovine muzzle provides a stable, non-contact biometric, existing muzzle-recognition systems largely assume a closed set of enrolled animals, limiting their practical deployment. We reformulate cattle muzzle biometrics as an open-set, gallery-based identification problem that can reject previously unseen animals and support incremental enrollment without model retraining. We introduce a leakage-controlled evaluation protocol based on identity-disjoint splits, per-fold retraining, held-out threshold calibration, verified duplicate removal, and bootstrap confidence intervals. We evaluate the framework using two contrasting embedding configurations: a hybrid CNN-ViT metric-learning model and the MegaDescriptor-L foundation model. Under oracle threshold selection, the hybrid model achieves detection-and-identification rates of 98.3%, 96.4%, and 93.6% at target false-acceptance rates of 10^(-1), 10^(-2), and 10^(-3), respectively, while MegaDescriptor-L achieves 99.3%, 98.1%, and 96.1%. However, deployable threshold calibration reveals a substantial difference between oracle and calibrated performance: the hybrid model achieves a false-acceptance rate of 1.03% at a 1% target, whereas MegaDescriptor-L reaches 2.44%. Incremental enrollment further achieves Rank-1 accuracy above 91% with a single reference image and up to 97.3% with eight reference images, without retraining the model or degrading the existing gallery. These results demonstrate that threshold calibration, leakage control, and embedding quality are critical for reliable open-set cattle identification and provide a practical evaluation framework for deployment-oriented animal biometric systems.

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