Beyond Cross-Lingual Transfer: Benchmarking Propagation Boundaries in Multilingual LLM Unlearning

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.05976v1
• Date: Sat, 05 Sep 2026 08:26:15 GMT
• Title: Beyond Cross-Lingual Transfer: Benchmarking Propagation Boundaries in Multilingual LLM Unlearning
• Abstract summary: Large Language Model (LLM) unlearning aims to suppress target knowledge while preserving general capabilities.<n>We introduce CLLPU (Cross-Lingual and Language-Bound Protocol for LLM Unlearning), a multilingual benchmark that formulates this problem through two settings.<n>Common-goal forgetting, where target knowledge should be suppressed across all languages, and language-conditioned forgetting, where suppression should remain confined to a designated language.
• Score: 80.05116806217397
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Large Language Model (LLM) unlearning aims to suppress target knowledge while preserving general capabilities. In multilingual settings, unlearning must additionally propagate within its intended linguistic scope. However, existing evaluations mainly measure cross-lingual transfer and cannot distinguish insufficient from excessive propagation. We introduce CLLPU (Cross-Lingual and Language-Bound Protocol for LLM Unlearning), a multilingual benchmark that formulates this problem through two settings: common-goal forgetting, where target knowledge should be suppressed across all languages, and language-conditioned forgetting, where suppression should remain confined to a designated language. CLLPU combines goal-guided topic pairing, schema-aware relation matching, and dual-anchor multilingual translation to construct 800 matched knowledge-unit pairs and 72,000 QA instances across ten languages. Experiments with six representative methods on Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct reveal opposite failure modes: forgetting remains incomplete when universal suppression is required, yet spreads beyond the intended boundary when language-conditioned confinement is required. We further find that general multilingual utility can conceal damage to neighbor knowledge. These findings establish propagation control as a central challenge for multilingual LLM unlearning. We publicly release CLLPU together with its construction pipeline.

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