Pulse-by-pulse programmable synthesis of ultrafast optical waveforms

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06894v1
• Date: Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:36:32 GMT
• Title: Pulse-by-pulse programmable synthesis of ultrafast optical waveforms
• Abstract summary: Programmable control of individual pulses in a high-repetition-rate ultrafast pulse train is a long-standing goal for optical arbitrary waveform synthesis.<n>We report a programmable pulse-by-pulse shaper that enables deterministic spectral-temporal control of ultrafast pulses at a repetition rate of $sim$ 20MHz.
• Score: 15.30368652920973
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Programmable control of individual pulses in a high-repetition-rate (typically MHz) ultrafast pulse train is a long-standing goal for optical arbitrary waveform synthesis. Here, we report a programmable pulse-by-pulse shaper that enables deterministic spectral-temporal control of ultrafast pulses at a repetition rate of $\sim$ 20~MHz. By synchronizing an FPGA-driven electro-optic modulation on the stretched waveform in a temporal 4$f$ shaping system, the regime writes pulse-index-dependent spectral phase profiles onto individual pulses. We demonstrate three levels of programmable ability: zero-order phase coding that maps pulse-by-pulse phase sequences into double-slit-like spectral-temporal interference; first-order phase programming that produces arbitrary temporal trajectories with deterministic delay; and fractional-order phase engineering that generates programmable temporal breathing. By launching the shaped pulse train into a nonlinear fiber stage, the programmed temporal breathing is converted into one spectral breathing. We further construct a phase-level-dependent regime map of nonlinear spectral breathing, revealing transitions from weak single-envelope breathing to multi-peak spectral splitting and strongly breathing merged-spectrum dynamics, in agreement with numerical simulations. This pulse-by-pulse spectral-temporal synthesis platform establishes pulse index as a programmable degree of freedom for ultrafast pulse shaping and provides a route toward real-time and pulse resolved optical arbitary waveform synthesis.

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