SAFIRE: Safety-Critical Benchmark for Fine-grained Fire and Smoke Understanding in Multimodal LLMs

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.07823v1
• Date: Mon, 07 Sep 2026 17:59:50 GMT
• Title: SAFIRE: Safety-Critical Benchmark for Fine-grained Fire and Smoke Understanding in Multimodal LLMs
• Abstract summary: Fire-smoke understanding is central to public safety and disaster response.<n>Most existing benchmarks lack diverse real-world scenarios and context-aware evaluation.<n>We introduce SAFIRE, a large-scale benchmark for fire-smoke understanding in MLLMs.
• Score: 28.105080919216167
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show strong progress on vision-language tasks, yet their reliability in safety-critical settings remains underexplored. Fire-smoke understanding is central to public safety and disaster response, but most existing benchmarks lack diverse real-world scenarios and context-aware evaluation. We introduce SAFIRE, a large-scale benchmark for fire-smoke understanding in MLLMs, comprising 83K captioned images from 20 scenarios and 193K multiple-choice VQA (MCVQA) generated from a 9.7K-image subset, spanning 10 evaluation dimensions from basic perception to higher-order reasoning. A GPT-5.4-assisted multi-stage verification pipeline with MLLM majority voting ensures annotation quality. Evaluating ten open-source MLLMs (8B-38B) yields an average accuracy of 61.9%, exposing major gaps in safety-critical reasoning. We further show that adapting vision encoders with only 7% of our domain-specific data boosts fire-scene classification accuracy from 20.1% to 64.5%, indicating that carefully curated data can yield substantial gains even when data volume is limited. All datasets, models, and code are available at https://risys-lab.github.io/SAFIRE/.

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