The Machines Are Calling: Measuring Automated and Synthetic Voices in Unwanted Inbound Calls

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11137v2
• Date: Tue, 15 Sep 2026 06:38:48 GMT
• Title: The Machines Are Calling: Measuring Automated and Synthetic Voices in Unwanted Inbound Calls
• Abstract summary: In 2024 the FCC placed AI-generated voices under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act ( TCPA)<n>No peer-reviewed measurement says how much unwanted call traffic is placed by a machine.<n>An interactive voice honeypot recorded 10,987 calls over 66 days.
• Score: 8.497127814945147
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
• Abstract: In February 2024 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) placed AI-generated voices under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA). Yet no peer-reviewed measurement says how much unwanted call traffic is placed by a machine, or how much of that machine speech is synthesized rather than played from a recording. We report both with a disclosed pipeline. An interactive voice honeypot (language-model personas on real U.S. numbers, the caller recorded on its own track) recorded 10,987 calls over 66 days. Three instruments read each opening: an audio fingerprint that finds the same recording played on other calls, a commercial synthetic-speech detector on the caller's first ten seconds, and blinded listeners who check what it flags. Of the 7,233 greeted calls we analyze, 13.8% open with a recording we also heard on another call, and 13.1% with fresh audio the detector labels synthetic. A further 9.9% open with a caller who never spoke after our greeting, 54.2% with fresh audio the detector labels human, and 9.0% could not be scored. Machine-voiced openings are therefore at least 26.9%, a further tenth of calls are silent connections we read as machine-placed, and replays of a recording make up 45% of the detector's own rate (29.3% of 6,192 scored openings). The same waveform played on two calls lands on opposite sides of the detector's threshold 13.6% of the time, and eleven listeners confirm 54.4% of what it flags. Synthetic openings concentrate in lead-generation spam (33.8%), not fraud (21.1%); 0.44% disclose automation. Prevalence tracks how long a bait number has circulated (59% against 19% in the same weeks): seeding history, not calendar time, explains the trend. Campaigns outlast their numbers: one recorded compliance notice opens calls in six campaigns, and one synthetic voice serves nine.

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