Demonstration of dual Shapiro steps in small Josephson junctions

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2401.06599v3
• Date: Wed, 09 Oct 2024 14:26:19 GMT
• Title: Demonstration of dual Shapiro steps in small Josephson junctions
• Authors: Fabian Kaap, Christoph Kissling, Victor Gaydamachenko, Lukas Grünhaupt, Sergey Lotkhov,
• Abstract summary: quantized current steps, so-called dual Shapiro steps, are created when synchronizing Bloch oscillations to an external microwave signal. We realize this fundamental relation by synchronizing the Bloch oscillations in small Al/AlO$_mathrmx$/Al Josephson junctions to sinusoidal drives. Inspired by today's voltage standards, we investigate a pulsed drive regime, which is dual to the single flux quantum mode of Josephson oscillations, and observe a similar asymmetric pattern of dual Shapiro steps.
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• Abstract: Bloch oscillations in small Josephson junctions were predicted theoretically as the quantum dual to Josephson oscillations. A significant consequence of this prediction is the emergence of quantized current steps, so-called dual Shapiro steps, when synchronizing Bloch oscillations to an external microwave signal. These steps potentially enable a fundamental standard of current $I$, defined via the frequency $f$ of the external signal and the elementary charge $e$, $I=\pm n \times 2ef$, where $n$ is a natural number. Here, we realize this fundamental relation by synchronizing the Bloch oscillations in small Al/AlO$_\mathrm{x}$/Al Josephson junctions to sinusoidal drives with frequencies varying from $1$ to $6\:\mathrm{GHz}$ and observe dual Shapiro steps up to $I\approx 3 \: \mathrm{nA}$. Inspired by today's voltage standards and to further confirm the duality relation, we investigate a pulsed drive regime, which is dual to the single flux quantum mode of Josephson oscillations, and observe a similar asymmetric pattern of dual Shapiro steps. This work confirms quantum duality effects in Josephson junctions and paves the way towards a range of applications in quantum metrology based on well-established fabrication techniques and straightforward circuit design.

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