Variance-reduced Zeroth-Order Methods for Fine-Tuning Language Models

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.08080v1
• Date: Thu, 11 Apr 2024 18:35:49 GMT
• Title: Variance-reduced Zeroth-Order Methods for Fine-Tuning Language Models
• Authors: Tanmay Gautam, Youngsuk Park, Hao Zhou, Parameswaran Raman, Wooseok Ha,
• Abstract summary: Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization methods can leverage memory-efficient forward passes to estimate. MeZO, an adaptation of ZO-SGD, has been shown to consistently outperform zero-shot and in-context learning. MeZO-SVRG significantly reduces the required memory footprint compared to first-order SGD.
• Score: 17.027512781038617
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Fine-tuning language models (LMs) has demonstrated success in a wide array of downstream tasks. However, as LMs are scaled up, the memory requirements for backpropagation become prohibitively high. Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization methods can leverage memory-efficient forward passes to estimate gradients. More recently, MeZO, an adaptation of ZO-SGD, has been shown to consistently outperform zero-shot and in-context learning when combined with suitable task prompts. In this work, we couple ZO methods with variance reduction techniques to enhance stability and convergence for inference-based LM fine-tuning. We introduce Memory-Efficient Zeroth-Order Stochastic Variance-Reduced Gradient (MeZO-SVRG) and demonstrate its efficacy across multiple LM fine-tuning tasks, eliminating the reliance on task-specific prompts. Evaluated across a range of both masked and autoregressive LMs on benchmark GLUE tasks, MeZO-SVRG outperforms MeZO with up to 20% increase in test accuracies in both full- and partial-parameter fine-tuning settings. MeZO-SVRG benefits from reduced computation time as it often surpasses MeZO's peak test accuracy with a $2\times$ reduction in GPU-hours. MeZO-SVRG significantly reduces the required memory footprint compared to first-order SGD, i.e. by $2\times$ for autoregressive models. Our experiments highlight that MeZO-SVRG's memory savings progressively improve compared to SGD with larger batch sizes.

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