Language Modeling by Language Models

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.20249v1
• Date: Wed, 25 Jun 2025 08:46:10 GMT
• Title: Language Modeling by Language Models
• Authors: Junyan Cheng, Peter Clark, Kyle Richardson,
• Abstract summary: We propose a multi-agent language model (LM) approach that simulates the conventional stages of research.<n>New designs are proposed, adversarially reviewed, implemented, and selectively verified.<n>We report experiments involving 1,162 newly discovered designs and find the best designs to be highly competitive.
• Score: 28.806378373136543
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
• Abstract: Can we leverage LLMs to model the process of discovering novel language model (LM) architectures? Inspired by real research, we propose a multi-agent LLM approach that simulates the conventional stages of research, from ideation and literature search (proposal stage) to design implementation (code generation), generative pre-training, and downstream evaluation (verification). Using ideas from scaling laws, our system, Genesys, employs a Ladder of Scales approach; new designs are proposed, adversarially reviewed, implemented, and selectively verified at increasingly larger model scales (14M$\sim$350M parameters) with a narrowing budget (the number of models we can train at each scale). To help make discovery efficient and factorizable, Genesys uses a novel genetic programming backbone, which we show has empirical advantages over commonly used direct prompt generation workflows (e.g., $\sim$86\% percentage point improvement in successful design generation, a key bottleneck). We report experiments involving 1,162 newly discovered designs (1,062 fully verified through pre-training) and find the best designs to be highly competitive with known architectures (e.g., outperform GPT2, Mamba2, etc., on 6/9 common benchmarks). We couple these results with comprehensive system-level ablations and formal results, which give broader insights into the design of effective autonomous discovery systems.

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