MARBLE: A Multi-Agent Rule-Based LLM Reasoning Engine for Accident Severity Prediction

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.04893v1
• Date: Mon, 07 Jul 2025 11:27:49 GMT
• Title: MARBLE: A Multi-Agent Rule-Based LLM Reasoning Engine for Accident Severity Prediction
• Authors: Kaleem Ullah Qasim, Jiashu Zhang,
• Abstract summary: Accident severity prediction plays a critical role in transportation safety systems.<n>Existing methods often rely on monolithic models or black box prompting.<n>We propose a multiagent rule based LLM engine that decomposes the severity prediction task across a team of specialized reasoning agents.
• Score: 1.3102025155414727
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Accident severity prediction plays a critical role in transportation safety systems but is a persistently difficult task due to incomplete data, strong feature dependencies, and severe class imbalance in which rare but high-severity cases are underrepresented and hard to detect. Existing methods often rely on monolithic models or black box prompting, which struggle to scale in noisy, real-world settings and offer limited interpretability. To address these challenges, we propose MARBLE a multiagent rule based LLM engine that decomposes the severity prediction task across a team of specialized reasoning agents, including an interchangeable ML-backed agent. Each agent focuses on a semantic subset of features (e.g., spatial, environmental, temporal), enabling scoped reasoning and modular prompting without the risk of prompt saturation. Predictions are coordinated through either rule-based or LLM-guided consensus mechanisms that account for class rarity and confidence dynamics. The system retains structured traces of agent-level reasoning and coordination outcomes, supporting in-depth interpretability and post-hoc performance diagnostics. Across both UK and US datasets, MARBLE consistently outperforms traditional machine learning classifiers and state-of-the-art (SOTA) prompt-based reasoning methods including Chain-of-Thought (CoT), Least-to-Most (L2M), and Tree-of-Thought (ToT) achieving nearly 90% accuracy where others plateau below 48%. This performance redefines the practical ceiling for accident severity classification under real world noise and extreme class imbalance. Our results position MARBLE as a generalizable and interpretable framework for reasoning under uncertainty in safety-critical applications.

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