HuggingGraph: Understanding the Supply Chain of LLM Ecosystem

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.14240v2
• Date: Sat, 02 Aug 2025 23:22:07 GMT
• Title: HuggingGraph: Understanding the Supply Chain of LLM Ecosystem
• Authors: Mohammad Shahedur Rahman, Runbang Hu, Peng Gao, Yuede Ji,
• Abstract summary: Large language models (LLMs) leverage deep learning architectures to process and predict sequences of words based on context.<n>LLMs demand extensive computational resources and large-scale datasets.<n>This project aims to study such relationships between models and datasets, which are the central parts of the LLM supply chain.
• Score: 8.8013428182102
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
• Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) leverage deep learning architectures to process and predict sequences of words based on context, enabling them to perform a wide range of natural language processing tasks, such as translation, summarization, question answering, and content generation. However, the increasing size and complexity of developing, training, and deploying cutting-edge LLMs demand extensive computational resources and large-scale datasets. This creates a significant barrier for researchers and practitioners. Because of that, platforms that host models and datasets have gained widespread popularity. For example, on one of the most popular platforms, i.e., Hugging Face, there are more than 1.8 million models and more than 450K datasets by the end of June 2025, and the trend does not show any slowdown. As existing LLMs are often built from base models or other pretrained models and use external datasets, they can inevitably inherit vulnerabilities, biases, or malicious components that exist in previous models or datasets. Therefore, it is critical to understand these components' origin and development process to detect potential risks better, improve model fairness, and ensure compliance with regulatory frameworks. Motivated by that, this project aims to study such relationships between models and datasets, which are the central parts of the LLM supply chain. First, we design a methodology to collect LLMs' supply chain information systematically. With the collected information, we design a new graph to model the relationships between models and datasets, which is a large directed heterogeneous graph having 402,654 nodes and 462,524 edges. Then, on top of this graph, we perform different types of analysis and make multiple interesting findings.

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