Role of Plaquette Term in Genuine $2+1$D String Dynamics on Quantum Simulators

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05736v1
• Date: Thu, 07 Aug 2025 18:00:00 GMT
• Title: Role of Plaquette Term in Genuine $2+1$D String Dynamics on Quantum Simulators
• Authors: Yizhuo Tian, N. S. Srivatsa, Kaidi Xu, Jesse J. Osborne, Umberto Borla, Jad C. Halimeh,
• Abstract summary: We show that the plaquette term plays a crucial role in textitgenuine $2+1$D string dynamics deep in the confined regime.<n>Our findings serve as a clear guide for future quantum simulation experiments of $2+1$D LGTs.
• Score: 9.045226778588384
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: With the advent of quantum simulators of $2+1$D lattice gauge theories (LGTs), a fundamental open question is under what circumstances the observed physics is genuinely $2+1$D rather than effectively $1+1$D. Here, we address this question in the ongoing strong effort to quantum-simulate string dynamics in $2+1$D LGTs on state-of-the-art quantum hardware. Through tensor network simulations and analytic derivations, we show that the plaquette term, which represents a magnetic field and only emerges in $d>1$ spatial dimensions, plays a crucial role in \textit{genuine} $2+1$D string dynamics deep in the confined regime. In its absence and for minimal-length (Manhattan-distance) strings, we demonstrate how string breaking, although on a lattice in $d=2$ spatial dimensions, can be effectively mapped to a $1+1$D dynamical process independently of lattice geometry. Our findings not only answer the question of what qualifies as genuine $2+1$D string dynamics, but also serve as a clear guide for future quantum simulation experiments of $2+1$D LGTs.

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