Quantum Entanglement as Super-Confounding: From Bell's Theorem to Robust Machine Learning

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.19327v1
• Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 17:27:46 GMT
• Title: Quantum Entanglement as Super-Confounding: From Bell's Theorem to Robust Machine Learning
• Authors: Pilsung Kang,
• Abstract summary: Bell's theorem reveals a profound conflict between quantum mechanics and local realism.<n>We propose a framework where quantum entanglement acts as a "super-confounding" resource, generating correlations that violate the classical causal bounds set by Bell's inequalities.
• Score: 4.07636450847048
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Bell's theorem reveals a profound conflict between quantum mechanics and local realism, a conflict we reinterpret through the modern lens of causal inference. We propose and computationally validate a framework where quantum entanglement acts as a "super-confounding" resource, generating correlations that violate the classical causal bounds set by Bell's inequalities. This work makes three key contributions: First, we establish a physical hierarchy of confounding (Quantum > Classical) and introduce Confounding Strength (CS) to quantify this effect. Second, we provide a circuit-based implementation of the quantum $\mathcal{DO}$-calculus to distinguish causality from spurious correlation. Finally, we apply this calculus to a quantum machine learning problem, where causal feature selection yields a statistically significant 11.3% average absolute improvement in model robustness. Our framework bridges quantum foundations and causal AI, offering a new, practical perspective on quantum correlations.

Related papers

• Quantum-Classical Separation in Bounded-Resource Tasks Arising from Measurement Contextuality [107.84586711462556]
  We show that quantum contextuality enables certain tasks to be performed with success probabilities beyond classical limits.<n>Our work proposes novel ways to benchmark quantum processors using contextuality-based algorithms.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2025-12-01T23:54:32Z)
• Expressibility, entangling power and quantum average causal effect for causally indefinite circuits [37.69303106863453]
  We implement parameterized quantum circuits with definite and indefinite causal order.<n>One of these is the expressibility, which measures how uniformly a given quantum circuit can reach the whole Hilbert space.<n>We find a correlation between the quantum average causal effect and the entangling power.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2024-11-13T13:53:02Z)
• Proposals for ruling out the real quantum theories in an entanglement-swapping quantum network with causally independent sources [4.878380852633981]
  We study the discrimination between the real and complex quantum theories with an entanglement swapping scenario. We find a proposal with optimal coefficients of the correlation function which could give a larger discrimination between the real and quantum theories.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-12-22T09:22:09Z)
• (Almost-)Quantum Bell Inequalities and Device-Independent Applications [3.7482527016282963]
  We present families of (almost)quantum Bell inequalities and highlight three foundational and DI applications. We derive quantum Bell inequalities that show a separation of the quantum boundary from certain portions of the no-signaling boundary of dimension up to 4k-8. We provide the most precise characterization of the quantum boundary known so far.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-09-12T15:13:02Z)
• Universality of critical dynamics with finite entanglement [68.8204255655161]
  We study how low-energy dynamics of quantum systems near criticality are modified by finite entanglement. Our result establishes the precise role played by entanglement in time-dependent critical phenomena.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2023-01-23T19:23:54Z)
• Theory of Quantum Generative Learning Models with Maximum Mean Discrepancy [67.02951777522547]
  We study learnability of quantum circuit Born machines (QCBMs) and quantum generative adversarial networks (QGANs) We first analyze the generalization ability of QCBMs and identify their superiorities when the quantum devices can directly access the target distribution. Next, we prove how the generalization error bound of QGANs depends on the employed Ansatz, the number of qudits, and input states.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2022-05-10T08:05:59Z)
• Experimental violations of Leggett-Garg's inequalities on a quantum computer [77.34726150561087]
  We experimentally observe the violations of Leggett-Garg-Bell's inequalities on single and multi-qubit systems. Our analysis highlights the limits of nowadays quantum platforms, showing that the above-mentioned correlation functions deviate from theoretical prediction as the number of qubits and the depth of the circuit grow.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-09-06T14:35:15Z)
• Realization of arbitrary doubly-controlled quantum phase gates [62.997667081978825]
  We introduce a high-fidelity gate set inspired by a proposal for near-term quantum advantage in optimization problems. By orchestrating coherent, multi-level control over three transmon qutrits, we synthesize a family of deterministic, continuous-angle quantum phase gates acting in the natural three-qubit computational basis.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-08-03T17:49:09Z)
• Quantum Causal Inference in the Presence of Hidden Common Causes: an Entropic Approach [34.77250498401055]
  We put forth a new theoretical framework for merging quantum information science and causal inference by exploiting entropic principles. We apply our proposed framework to an experimentally relevant scenario of identifying message senders on quantum noisy links. This approach can lay the foundations of identifying originators of malicious activity on future multi-node quantum networks.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-04-24T22:45:50Z)
• Bell nonlocality in networks [62.997667081978825]
  Bell's theorem proves that quantum theory is inconsistent with local physical models. In the last decade, the investigation of nonlocality has moved beyond Bell's theorem to consider more sophisticated experiments. This review discusses the main concepts, methods, results and future challenges in the emerging topic of Bell nonlocality in networks.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-04-21T18:00:48Z)
• Quantum Entropic Causal Inference [30.939150842529052]
  We put forth a new theoretical framework for merging quantum information science and causal inference by exploiting entropic principles. We apply our proposed framework to an experimentally relevant scenario of identifying message senders on quantum noisy links.
  arXiv  Detail & Related papers  (2021-02-23T15:51:34Z)

This list is automatically generated from the titles and abstracts of the papers in this site.

This site does not guarantee the quality of this site (including all information) and is not responsible for any consequences.