Pep2Prob Benchmark: Predicting Fragment Ion Probability for MS$^2$-based Proteomics

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.21076v1
• Date: Tue, 12 Aug 2025 20:39:50 GMT
• Title: Pep2Prob Benchmark: Predicting Fragment Ion Probability for MS$^2$-based Proteomics
• Authors: Hao Xu, Zhichao Wang, Shengqi Sang, Pisit Wajanasara, Nuno Bandeira,
• Abstract summary: Pep2Prob is the first comprehensive dataset and benchmark designed for peptide-specific ion probability prediction.<n>Dataset contains fragment ion probability statistics for 608,780 precursors is a pair of peptide sequence and charge state.
• Score: 11.487378569927499
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Proteins perform nearly all cellular functions and constitute most drug targets, making their analysis fundamental to understanding human biology in health and disease. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS$^2$) is the major analytical technique in proteomics that identifies peptides by ionizing them, fragmenting them, and using the resulting mass spectra to identify and quantify proteins in biological samples. In MS$^2$ analysis, peptide fragment ion probability prediction plays a critical role, enhancing the accuracy of peptide identification from mass spectra as a complement to the intensity information. Current approaches rely on global statistics of fragmentation, which assumes that a fragment's probability is uniform across all peptides. Nevertheless, this assumption is oversimplified from a biochemical principle point of view and limits accurate prediction. To address this gap, we present Pep2Prob, the first comprehensive dataset and benchmark designed for peptide-specific fragment ion probability prediction. The proposed dataset contains fragment ion probability statistics for 608,780 unique precursors (each precursor is a pair of peptide sequence and charge state), summarized from more than 183 million high-quality, high-resolution, HCD MS$^2$ spectra with validated peptide assignments and fragmentation annotations. We establish baseline performance using simple statistical rules and learning-based methods, and find that models leveraging peptide-specific information significantly outperform previous methods using only global fragmentation statistics. Furthermore, performance across benchmark models with increasing capacities suggests that the peptide-fragmentation relationship exhibits complex nonlinearities requiring sophisticated machine learning approaches.

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