LUCIE-3D: A three-dimensional climate emulator for forced responses

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.02061v1
• Date: Tue, 02 Sep 2025 07:59:23 GMT
• Title: LUCIE-3D: A three-dimensional climate emulator for forced responses
• Authors: Haiwen Guan, Troy Arcomano, Ashesh Chattopadhyay, Romit Maulik,
• Abstract summary: We introduce LUCIE-3D, a lightweight three-dimensional climate emulator.<n>It is designed to capture the vertical structure of the atmosphere, respond to climate change forcings, and maintain computational efficiency with long-term stability.
• Score: 2.2017231371066672
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: We introduce LUCIE-3D, a lightweight three-dimensional climate emulator designed to capture the vertical structure of the atmosphere, respond to climate change forcings, and maintain computational efficiency with long-term stability. Building on the original LUCIE-2D framework, LUCIE-3D employs a Spherical Fourier Neural Operator (SFNO) backbone and is trained on 30 years of ERA5 reanalysis data spanning eight vertical {\sigma}-levels. The model incorporates atmospheric CO2 as a forcing variable and optionally integrates prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) to simulate coupled ocean--atmosphere dynamics. Results demonstrate that LUCIE-3D successfully reproduces climatological means, variability, and long-term climate change signals, including surface warming and stratospheric cooling under increasing CO2 concentrations. The model further captures key dynamical processes such as equatorial Kelvin waves, the Madden--Julian Oscillation, and annular modes, while showing credible behavior in the statistics of extreme events. Despite requiring longer training than its 2D predecessor, LUCIE-3D remains efficient, training in under five hours on four GPUs. Its combination of stability, physical consistency, and accessibility makes it a valuable tool for rapid experimentation, ablation studies, and the exploration of coupled climate dynamics, with potential applications extending to paleoclimate research and future Earth system emulation.

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