On the Normalization of Confusion Matrices: Methods and Geometric Interpretations

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04959v1
• Date: Fri, 05 Sep 2025 09:36:51 GMT
• Title: On the Normalization of Confusion Matrices: Methods and Geometric Interpretations
• Authors: Johan Erbani, Pierre-Edouard Portier, Elod Egyed-Zsigmond, Sonia Ben Mokhtar, Diana Nurbakova,
• Abstract summary: We introduce bistochastic normalization using Iterative Proportional Fitting.<n>Unlike standard normalizations, this method recovers the underlying structure of class similarity.<n>We show a correspondence between confusion matrix normalizations and the model's internal class representations.
• Score: 2.4097006540200434
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: The confusion matrix is a standard tool for evaluating classifiers by providing insights into class-level errors. In heterogeneous settings, its values are shaped by two main factors: class similarity -- how easily the model confuses two classes -- and distribution bias, arising from skewed distributions in the training and test sets. However, confusion matrix values reflect a mix of both factors, making it difficult to disentangle their individual contributions. To address this, we introduce bistochastic normalization using Iterative Proportional Fitting, a generalization of row and column normalization. Unlike standard normalizations, this method recovers the underlying structure of class similarity. By disentangling error sources, it enables more accurate diagnosis of model behavior and supports more targeted improvements. We also show a correspondence between confusion matrix normalizations and the model's internal class representations. Both standard and bistochastic normalizations can be interpreted geometrically in this space, offering a deeper understanding of what normalization reveals about a classifier.

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