Code Like Humans: A Multi-Agent Solution for Medical Coding

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.05378v3
• Date: Wed, 08 Oct 2025 05:07:35 GMT
• Title: Code Like Humans: A Multi-Agent Solution for Medical Coding
• Authors: Andreas Motzfeldt, Joakim Edin, Casper L. Christensen, Christian Hardmeier, Lars Maaløe, Anna Rogers,
• Abstract summary: We introduce Code Like Humans: a new agentic framework for medical coding with large language models.<n>It implements official coding guidelines for human experts, and it is the first solution that can support the full ICD-10 coding system.<n>It achieves the best performance to date on rare diagnosis codes.
• Score: 13.1324232915195
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: In medical coding, experts map unstructured clinical notes to alphanumeric codes for diagnoses and procedures. We introduce Code Like Humans: a new agentic framework for medical coding with large language models. It implements official coding guidelines for human experts, and it is the first solution that can support the full ICD-10 coding system (+70K labels). It achieves the best performance to date on rare diagnosis codes (fine-tuned discriminative classifiers retain an advantage for high-frequency codes, to which they are limited). Towards future work, we also contribute an analysis of system performance and identify its `blind spots' (codes that are systematically undercoded).

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