TRiCo: Triadic Game-Theoretic Co-Training for Robust Semi-Supervised Learning

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.21526v1
• Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 20:10:41 GMT
• Title: TRiCo: Triadic Game-Theoretic Co-Training for Robust Semi-Supervised Learning
• Authors: Hongyang He, Xinyuan Song, Yangfan He, Zeyu Zhang, Yanshu Li, Haochen You, Lifan Sun, Wenqiao Zhang,
• Abstract summary: TRiCo is a novel triadic game-theoretic co-training framework that rethinks the structure of semi-supervised learning.<n>By addressing key limitations in existing SSL frameworks, TRiCo provides a principled and generalizable solution.
• Score: 15.638836465479619
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: We introduce TRiCo, a novel triadic game-theoretic co-training framework that rethinks the structure of semi-supervised learning by incorporating a teacher, two students, and an adversarial generator into a unified training paradigm. Unlike existing co-training or teacher-student approaches, TRiCo formulates SSL as a structured interaction among three roles: (i) two student classifiers trained on frozen, complementary representations, (ii) a meta-learned teacher that adaptively regulates pseudo-label selection and loss balancing via validation-based feedback, and (iii) a non-parametric generator that perturbs embeddings to uncover decision boundary weaknesses. Pseudo-labels are selected based on mutual information rather than confidence, providing a more robust measure of epistemic uncertainty. This triadic interaction is formalized as a Stackelberg game, where the teacher leads strategy optimization and students follow under adversarial perturbations. By addressing key limitations in existing SSL frameworks, such as static view interactions, unreliable pseudo-labels, and lack of hard sample modeling, TRiCo provides a principled and generalizable solution. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, SVHN, STL-10, and ImageNet demonstrate that TRiCo consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance in low-label regimes, while remaining architecture-agnostic and compatible with frozen vision backbones.

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