Does Physics Knowledge Emerge in Frontier Models?

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06251v1
• Date: Fri, 03 Oct 2025 22:30:06 GMT
• Title: Does Physics Knowledge Emerge in Frontier Models?
• Authors: Ieva Bagdonaviciute, Vibhav Vineet,
• Abstract summary: Leading Vision-Language Models (VLMs) show strong results in visual perception and general reasoning.<n>But their ability to understand and predict physical dynamics remains unclear.<n>We benchmark six frontier VLMs on three physical simulation datasets.
• Score: 19.035965618393096
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Leading Vision-Language Models (VLMs) show strong results in visual perception and general reasoning, but their ability to understand and predict physical dynamics remains unclear. We benchmark six frontier VLMs on three physical simulation datasets - CLEVRER, Physion, and Physion++ - where the evaluation tasks test whether a model can predict outcomes or hypothesize about alternative situations. To probe deeper, we design diagnostic subtests that isolate perception (objects, colors, occluders) from physics reasoning (motion prediction, spatial relations). Intuitively, stronger diagnostic performance should support higher evaluation accuracy. Yet our analysis reveals weak correlations: models that excel at perception or physics reasoning do not consistently perform better on predictive or counterfactual evaluation. This counterintuitive gap exposes a central limitation of current VLMs: perceptual and physics skills remain fragmented and fail to combine into causal understanding, underscoring the need for architectures that bind perception and reasoning more tightly.

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