Related papers: Simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions with qubits and qumodes

Simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions with qubits and qumodes

URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.14506v2
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 13:57:06 GMT
Title: Simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions with qubits and qumodes
Authors: Victor Ale, Tommaso Rainaldi, Enrique Rico, Felix Ringer, George Siopsis,
Abstract summary: We develop a hybrid qubit-qumode framework for simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions.<n>Fermionic matter fields are represented by qubits, while U(1) gauge fields are encoded in continuous-variable bosonic modes.
Score: 0.0
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract: We develop a hybrid qubit-qumode framework for simulating quantum electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions. In this approach, fermionic matter fields are represented by qubits, while U(1) gauge fields are encoded in continuous-variable bosonic modes whose canonical quadratures capture the electric and vector-potential components of the theory. To reconcile the non-compact phase space of the qumodes with the compact U(1) gauge symmetry, we introduce and compare two complementary constraint-enforcement strategies: (i) a squeezing-based projection that confines qumode states to the unit circle through an effective modification of the inner product, and (ii) a method that dynamically enforces compactness via a penalty Hamiltonian term. We construct the corresponding hybrid Hamiltonian, derive its decomposition into experimentally accessible qubit-qumode gates, and analyze its spectrum in the analytically tractable single-plaquette limit. The hybrid formulation reproduces the correct gauge-invariant dynamics and provides a scalable route toward simulating Abelian lattice gauge theories coupled to fermionic matter on near-term hybrid quantum architectures. Ground-state preparation and convergence are demonstrated using a continuous-variable extension of the Quantum Imaginary Time Evolution (QITE) algorithm, establishing a general framework for hybrid discrete-continuous quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories.

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