MiniLingua: A Small Open-Source LLM for European Languages

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.13298v1
• Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 13:12:42 GMT
• Title: MiniLingua: A Small Open-Source LLM for European Languages
• Authors: Anna Aksenova, Boris Zverkov, Nicola Dainese, Alexander Nikitin, Pekka Marttinen,
• Abstract summary: MiniLingua is a multilingual open-source LLM of one billion parameters trained from scratch for 13 European languages.<n>We release model weights, tokenizer and source code used for data processing and model training.
• Score: 47.78284815754002
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Large language models are powerful but often limited by high computational cost, privacy concerns, and English-centric training. Recent progress demonstrates that small, efficient models with around one billion parameters can deliver strong results and enable on-device use. This paper introduces MiniLingua, a multilingual open-source LLM of one billion parameters trained from scratch for 13 European languages, designed to balance coverage and instruction-following capabilities. Based on evaluation results, the instruction-tuned version of MiniLingua outperforms EuroLLM, a model with a similar training approach but a larger training budget, on summarization, classification and both open- and closed-book question answering. Moreover, it remains competitive with more advanced state-of-the-art models on open-ended generation tasks. We release model weights, tokenizer and source code used for data processing and model training.

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