Continuous-mode analysis for practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.15301v1
• Date: Wed, 17 Dec 2025 10:47:01 GMT
• Title: Continuous-mode analysis for practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution
• Authors: Yanhao Sun, Jiayu Ma, Xiangyu Wang, Song Yu, Ziyang Chen, Hong Guo,
• Abstract summary: Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables two remote parties to establish information-theoretically secure keys.<n>We introduce temporal modes to construct an entanglement-based scheme that more accurately captures device nonidealities.<n>We demonstrate that optimizing the pulse-shaping format can significantly improve performance under detector-bandwidth-limited conditions.
• Score: 9.672673506875784
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables two remote parties to establish information-theoretically secure keys and offers high practical feasibility due to its compatibility with mature coherent optical communication technologies. However, as CV-QKD systems progress toward digital implementations, device nonidealities drive the optical field from a single-mode to a continuous-mode region, thereby underscoring the mismatch between theoretical models and practical systems. Here, we introduce temporal modes to construct an entanglement-based scheme that more accurately captures device nonidealities and develop a corresponding secret key rate calculation method applicable to continuous-mode scenarios. We demonstrate that optimizing the pulse-shaping format can significantly improve performance under detector-bandwidth-limited conditions. Experimental results also confirm that the proposed model effectively describes the impact of sampling-time deviations. We further analyze a linear weighted-reconstruction digital signal processing method,which improves the secret key rate by approximately 50% in a 30-km fiber experiment without requiring additional hardware, demonstrating a substantial performance enhancement at metropolitan distances. The proposed theoretical framework accommodates a broader range of experimental conditions and can guide the optimization of digital CV-QKD systems.

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