Uncovering Latent Bias in LLM-Based Emergency Department Triage Through Proxy Variables

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2601.15306v1
• Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 07:49:41 GMT
• Title: Uncovering Latent Bias in LLM-Based Emergency Department Triage Through Proxy Variables
• Authors: Ethan Zhang,
• Abstract summary: We investigate bias in large language models (LLMs)-based medical AI systems applied to emergency department (ED) triage.<n>Our results reveal discriminatory behavior mediated through proxy variables in ED triage scenarios.<n>These findings indicate that AI systems is still imperfectly trained on noisy, sometimes non-causal signals that do not reliably reflect true patient acuity.
• Score: 2.9269181918140643
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled their integration into clinical decision-making; however, hidden biases against patients across racial, social, economic, and clinical backgrounds persist. In this study, we investigate bias in LLM-based medical AI systems applied to emergency department (ED) triage. We employ 32 patient-level proxy variables, each represented by paired positive and negative qualifiers, and evaluate their effects using both public (MIMIC-IV-ED Demo, MIMIC-IV Demo) and restricted-access credentialed (MIMIC-IV-ED and MIMIC-IV) datasets as appropriate~\cite{mimiciv_ed_demo,mimiciv_ed,mimiciv}. Our results reveal discriminatory behavior mediated through proxy variables in ED triage scenarios, as well as a systematic tendency for LLMs to modify perceived patient severity when specific tokens appear in the input context, regardless of whether they are framed positively or negatively. These findings indicate that AI systems is still imperfectly trained on noisy, sometimes non-causal signals that do not reliably reflect true patient acuity. Consequently, more needs to be done to ensure the safe and responsible deployment of AI technologies in clinical settings.

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