Modeling integrated frequency shifters and beam splitters

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.06003v1
• Date: Thu, 05 Feb 2026 18:48:20 GMT
• Title: Modeling integrated frequency shifters and beam splitters
• Authors: Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias, Kevin J. Randles, Nils T. Otterstrom, Paul S. Davids, Michael Gehl, Mohan Sarovar,
• Abstract summary: Photonic quantum computing is a strong contender in the race to fault-tolerance.<n>Recent proposals using qubits encoded in frequency modes promise a large reduction in hardware footprint.<n>We present designs of frequency-mode beam splitters based on modulated arrays of coupled resonators.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Photonic quantum computing is a strong contender in the race to fault-tolerance. Recent proposals using qubits encoded in frequency modes promise a large reduction in hardware footprint, and have garnered much attention. In this encoding, linear optics, i.e., beam splitters and phase shifters, is necessarily not energy-conserving, and is costly to implement. In this work, we present designs of frequency-mode beam splitters based on modulated arrays of coupled resonators. We develop a methodology to construct their effective transfer matrices based on the SLH formalism for quantum input-output networks. Our methodology is flexible and highly composable, allowing us to define $N$-mode beam splitters either natively based on arrays of $N$-resonators of arbitrary connectivity or as networks of interconnected $l$-mode beam splitters, with $l<N$. We apply our methodology to analyze a two-resonator device, a frequency-domain phase shifter and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer obtained from composing these devices, a four-resonator device, and present a formal no-go theorem on the possibility of natively generating certain $N$-mode frequency-domain beam splitters with arrays of $N$-resonators.

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