Parametric Social Identity Injection and Diversification in Public Opinion Simulation

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16142v1
• Date: Tue, 17 Mar 2026 05:52:03 GMT
• Title: Parametric Social Identity Injection and Diversification in Public Opinion Simulation
• Abstract summary: Large language models (LLMs) have recently been adopted as synthetic agents for public opinion simulation.<n>Despite their scalability, current simulation methods fail to capture social diversity.<n>We propose Parametric Social Identity Injection (PSII), a general framework that injects explicit, parametric representations of demographic attributes.
• Score: 26.236052138777186
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) have recently been adopted as synthetic agents for public opinion simulation, offering a promising alternative to costly and slow human surveys. Despite their scalability, current LLM-based simulation methods fail to capture social diversity, producing flattened inter-group differences and overly homogeneous responses within demographic groups. We identify this limitation as a Diversity Collapse phenomenon in LLM hidden representations, where distinct social identities become increasingly indistinguishable across layers. Motivated by this observation, we propose Parametric Social Identity Injection (PSII), a general framework that injects explicit, parametric representations of demographic attributes and value orientations directly into intermediate hidden states of LLMs. Unlike prompt-based persona conditioning, PSII enables fine-grained and controllable identity modulation at the representation level. Extensive experiments on the World Values Survey using multiple open-source LLMs show that PSII significantly improves distributional fidelity and diversity, reducing KL divergence to real-world survey data while enhancing overall diversity. This work provides new insights into representation-level control of LLM agents and advances scalable, diversity-aware public opinion simulation. Code and data are available at https://github.com/halsayxi/PSII.

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