Online Experiential Learning for Language Models

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16856v1
• Date: Tue, 17 Mar 2026 17:57:49 GMT
• Title: Online Experiential Learning for Language Models
• Abstract summary: Online Experiential Learning (OEL) is a framework that enables language models to continuously improve from their own deployment experience.<n>OEL operates in two stages: first, transferable experiential knowledge is extracted and accumulated from interaction trajectories collected on the user side.<n>We evaluate OEL on text-based game environments across multiple model scales and both thinking and non-thinking variants.
• Score: 99.90826536842337
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: The prevailing paradigm for improving large language models relies on offline training with human annotations or simulated environments, leaving the rich experience accumulated during real-world deployment entirely unexploited. We propose Online Experiential Learning (OEL), a framework that enables language models to continuously improve from their own deployment experience. OEL operates in two stages: first, transferable experiential knowledge is extracted and accumulated from interaction trajectories collected on the user side; second, this knowledge is consolidated into model parameters via on-policy context distillation, requiring no access to the user-side environment. The two stages are iterated to form an online learning loop, where the improved model collects higher-quality trajectories that yield richer experiential knowledge for subsequent rounds. We evaluate OEL on text-based game environments across multiple model scales and both thinking and non-thinking variants. OEL achieves consistent improvements over successive iterations, enhancing both task accuracy and token efficiency while preserving out-of-distribution performance. Our analysis further shows that extracted experiential knowledge is significantly more effective than raw trajectories, and that on-policy consistency between the knowledge source and the policy model is critical for effective learning.

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