Spatial Localization of Relativistic Quantum Systems: The Commutativity Requirement and the Locality Principle. Part I: A General Analysis

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03729v2
• Date: Tue, 07 Apr 2026 09:57:09 GMT
• Title: Spatial Localization of Relativistic Quantum Systems: The Commutativity Requirement and the Locality Principle. Part I: A General Analysis
• Abstract summary: We investigate whether commutativity is necessary to represent relativistic locality for localization observables of relativistic quantum systems in Minkowski spacetime.<n>We show that commutativity and localization can coexist for less idealized localization procedures.
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• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: We investigate whether commutativity is necessary to represent relativistic locality for localization observables of relativistic quantum systems in Minkowski spacetime. A well known no-go theorem by Halvorson and Clifton shows that commutativity of localization effects for causally separated regions is incompatible with other seemingly natural assumptions about spatial localization. Since commutativity is taken to represent locality in the Araki-Haag-Kastler framework of QFT, this prompts the question whether it follows from more elementary locality principles of quantum theory. Using Busch's operational analysis in terms of no-signaling and relativistic consistency, we argue that for particle-like systems commutativity is not implied by these principles. Assuming a natural local detectability principle, elementary localization observables are not localized in arbitrarily small spacetime neighborhoods of the relevant spatial regions, but rather in regions containing the entire rest space (a Cauchy surface) on which the measurement is performed. This reflects the particle picture itself, where localization occurs at a unique place on a rest space filled with ideal detectors, and therefore does not directly conflict with the Araki-Haag-Kastler notion of locality. We also show that commutativity and localization can coexist for less idealized localization procedures. To this end, we introduce conditional localization POVMs associated with bounded spatial regions interpreted as laboratories. By the gentle measurement lemma, these observables describe conditional localization probabilities and can, in principle, satisfy commutativity for causally separated laboratories. They may therefore be represented by local observables in the Araki-Haag-Kastler sense. Explicit examples will be presented in forthcoming work within local QFT.

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