RFPrompt: Prompt-Based Expert Adaptation of the Large Wireless Model for Modulation Classification

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2605.03279v1
• Date: Tue, 05 May 2026 02:09:58 GMT
• Title: RFPrompt: Prompt-Based Expert Adaptation of the Large Wireless Model for Modulation Classification
• Abstract summary: We investigate prompt-based adaptation as a general mechanism for OOD transfer in wireless foundation models.<n>We propose RFPrompt, a parameter-efficient framework that introduces learnable deep prompt tokens while keeping the pretrained backbone frozen.<n>Results show that prompt-based adaptation consistently improves robustness under distribution shift and limited supervision.
• Score: 7.858819231575403
• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: Automatic modulation classification (AMC) in real-world deployments demands robustness to distribution shifts arising from hardware impairments, unseen propagation environments, and recording conditions never encountered during training. Although wireless foundation models offer a promising starting point for robust RF representation learning, an important open question is how to adapt them efficiently to out-of-distribution (OOD) downstream tasks without overwriting the structure learned during large-scale pre-training. In this paper, we investigate prompt-based adaptation as a general mechanism for OOD transfer in wireless foundation models. We propose RFPrompt, a parameter-efficient framework that introduces learnable deep prompt tokens while keeping the pretrained backbone frozen, enabling task-specific adaptation with minimal trainable parameters. We instantiate and evaluate this approach on the Large Wireless Model (LWM), a mixture-of-experts wireless foundation model, and study its behavior under both standard and OOD modulation-classification settings. Results show that prompt-based adaptation consistently improves robustness under distribution shift and limited supervision, particularly on real-world over-the-air IQ data, while preserving strong parameter efficiency. These findings suggest that prompt learning is a practical and effective strategy for adapting wireless foundation models to challenging downstream RF environments.

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