Domain Incremental Learning for Pandemic-Resilient Chest X-Ray Analysis

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2605.17729v1
• Date: Mon, 18 May 2026 01:16:48 GMT
• Title: Domain Incremental Learning for Pandemic-Resilient Chest X-Ray Analysis
• Abstract summary: This study introduces a replay-based domain-incremental continual learning approach.<n>The proposed method incorporates a class-aware balanced replay to maintain balanced class representation within a constrained memory.<n> Experiments conducted on a domain-shifted PneumoniaMNIST dataset demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 88.66%.
• Score: 0.29008108937701327
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
• Abstract: Deep learning models achieved high accuracy in pneumonia detection from chest X-rays. However, their generalization across clinical domains remains limited due to variations in imaging devices, acquisition protocols, and institutional conditions. This study introduces a replay-based domain-incremental continual learning designed to enable continual adaptation to cross-domain variations without catastrophic forgetting. The proposed method incorporates a class-aware balanced replay to maintain balanced class representation within a constrained memory and a class-aware loss to dynamically reweight class imbalance during training. Experiments conducted on a domain-shifted PneumoniaMNIST dataset consisting of five simulated domains demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 88.66%, outperforming Experience Replay, Fine-Tuning, and Joint Training baselines. These findings highlight the efficacy of the proposed approach in achieving robust and consistent pneumonia detection across clinical environment variations.

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