Beyond the Unruh vacuum: multi-time correlations in black hole collapse and evaporation

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2606.13383v1
• Date: Thu, 11 Jun 2026 14:11:50 GMT
• Title: Beyond the Unruh vacuum: multi-time correlations in black hole collapse and evaporation
• Abstract summary: We show that multi-time quantum-field correlations provide a mechanism for the survival of pre-collapse information in black hole evaporation.<n>Our results identify measurable multi-time correlations as carriers of information in Hawking radiation.
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• License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
• Abstract: The black hole information paradox originates from the thermal character of Hawking radiation, which appears to erase information about the collapsing matter. However, thermality constrains only observables defined at a single time and leaves the structure of temporal quantum correlations largely unexplored. Here we show that multi-time quantum-field correlations provide a concrete mechanism for the survival of pre-collapse information in black hole evaporation. Using a two-dimensional model of gravitational collapse and evaporation, we demonstrate that late-time multi-time correlations are not fully reproduced by the Unruh vacuum. In particular, they contain a contribution that depends explicitly on parameters characterizing the pre-collapse state, despite the thermal character of the asymptotic radiation. Our results identify measurable multi-time correlations as carriers of information in Hawking radiation and suggest that formulations of the black hole information paradox based solely on single-time observables are incomplete.

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