Solution-phase fluorination of nanodiamond: near-surface NV$^-$ activation and spin relaxation

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06605v1
• Date: Sun, 06 Sep 2026 13:44:16 GMT
• Title: Solution-phase fluorination of nanodiamond: near-surface NV$^-$ activation and spin relaxation
• Abstract summary: We present two solution-phase fluorination routes for stabilising NV$-$.<n>The two routes were compared by infrared, X-ray photoelectron, energy-dispersive X-ray, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy.<n>Both gave a high NV$-$ fraction, up to $sim$90% on average and approaching 100% in fluorine-rich regions.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: Nanodiamonds hosting luminescent point defects, known as fluorescent nanodiamonds (FND), are a leading platform for quantum technology. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre is the most intensively studied of these; its negatively charged state (NV$^-$) can serve as a qubit at room temperature, and its stability is governed by surface functional groups. We present two solution-phase fluorination routes for stabilising NV$^-$: direct C-F bond formation by decarboxylation with xenon difluoride via a radical mechanism, and the Balz-Schiemann reaction, which replaces surface amino groups with fluorine. The two routes were compared by infrared, X-ray photoelectron, energy-dispersive X-ray, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Both gave a high NV$^-$ fraction, up to $\sim$90% on average and approaching 100% in fluorine-rich regions, which to our knowledge is among the highest reported for surface-terminated nanodiamonds of this size and, in particular, for fluorine termination. Frequency-domain relaxometry shows that the fluorinated particles retain a long spin-lattice relaxation time, $733\pm56$ and $712\pm20$ $μ$s for the XeF$_2$ and Balz-Schiemann routes, several times the values reported for commercial HPHT nanodiamonds, although shorter than the $1173\pm123$ $μ$s of the as-received material. Charge-state stability and spin lifetime therefore do not improve together: fluorination activates near-surface NV$^-$ centres, which are the most exposed to surface noise but also the ones that dominate relaxometric sensing.

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