Entanglement in Cognition violating Bell Inequalities Beyond Cirel'son's Bound

• URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.03847v1
• Date: Sun, 7 Feb 2021 16:57:59 GMT
• Title: Entanglement in Cognition violating Bell Inequalities Beyond Cirel'son's Bound
• Authors: Diederik Aerts, Jonito Aerts Argu\"elles, Lester Beltran, Suzette Geriente (Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium), and Sandro Sozzo (School of Business and Centre IQSCS, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom)
• Abstract summary: We present the results of two tests where a sample of human participants were asked to make judgements about conceptual combinations. Both tests significantly violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt version of Bell inequalities (CHSH inequality') We show that the observed violations of the CHSH inequality can be explained as a consequence of a strong form of quantum entanglement' between the component conceptual entities.
• Score: 0.0
• License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
• Abstract: We present the results of two tests where a sample of human participants were asked to make judgements about the conceptual combinations {\it The Animal Acts} and {\it The Animal eats the Food}. Both tests significantly violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt version of Bell inequalities (`CHSH inequality'), thus exhibiting manifestly non-classical behaviour due to the meaning connection between the individual concepts that are combined. We then apply a quantum-theoretic framework which we developed for any Bell-type situation and represent empirical data in complex Hilbert space. We show that the observed violations of the CHSH inequality can be explained as a consequence of a strong form of `quantum entanglement' between the component conceptual entities in which both the state and measurements are entangled. We finally observe that a quantum model in Hilbert space can be elaborated in these Bell-type situations even when the CHSH violation exceeds the known `Cirel'son bound', in contrast to a widespread belief. These findings confirm and strengthen the results we recently obtained in a variety of cognitive tests and document and image retrieval operations on the same conceptual combinations.

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