Ruling out real-valued standard formalism of quantum theory
- URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.08123v3
- Date: Sat, 12 Feb 2022 12:45:47 GMT
- Title: Ruling out real-valued standard formalism of quantum theory
- Authors: Ming-Cheng Chen, Can Wang, Feng-Ming Liu, Jian-Wen Wang, Chong Ying,
Zhong-Xia Shang, Yulin Wu, Ming Gong, Hui Deng, Futian Liang, Qiang Zhang,
Cheng-Zhi Peng, Xiaobo Zhu, Adan Cabello, Chao-Yang Lu, Jian-Wei Pan
- Abstract summary: A quantum game has been developed to distinguish standard quantum theory from its real-number analog.
We experimentally implement the quantum game based on entanglement swapping with a state-of-the-art fidelity of 0.952(1).
Our results disprove the real-number formulation and establish the indispensable role of complex numbers in the standard quantum theory.
- Score: 19.015836913247288
- License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
- Abstract: Standard quantum theory was formulated with complex-valued Schrodinger
equations, wave functions, operators, and Hilbert spaces. Previous work
attempted to simulate quantum systems using only real numbers by exploiting an
enlarged Hilbert space. A fundamental question arises: are complex numbers
really necessary in the standard formalism of quantum theory? To answer this
question, a quantum game has been developed to distinguish standard quantum
theory from its real-number analog by revealing a contradiction in the maximum
game scores between a high-fidelity multi-qubit quantum experiment and players
using only real-number quantum theory. Here, using superconducting qubits, we
faithfully experimentally implement the quantum game based on entanglement
swapping with a state-of-the-art fidelity of 0.952(1), which beats the
real-number bound of 7.66 by 43 standard deviations. Our results disprove the
real-number formulation and establish the indispensable role of complex numbers
in the standard quantum theory.
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